Edward Lotterman

Economic news had an upbeat ring this week, at least on first impressions.

President Donald’s Trump’s nomination of Kevin Warsh to chair the Federal Reserve Board was broadly characterized as “well, it could have been a whole lot worse!”

Then many economists, including me, greeted news of a continuing slide in the value of the U.S. dollar against virtually all other major currencies by saying, “well, it really isn’t as bad as many people think.”

As songwriter Harold Arlen advised us in the middle of a war that killed 70 million people, one should always “Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive” regardless of how bad things get.

But it is also prudent to understand the full scope of these developments and how they affect us all.

So start with the Fed chair nomination. Warsh is not as highly-recognized an economist as Ben Bernanke and Janet Yellen were before they were named chair. But fame as an academic does not have a great track record.

Paul Volcker, a great American of the 20th century who, like Gen. George Catlett Marshall, combined high intelligence with tremendous resolve and moral courage, had an MA from Harvard and coursework at the London School of Economics, but no doctorate. Willian McChesney Martin, perhaps the greatest Fed chair ever, had a BA in English and Latin from Yale with some coursework in econ at Columbia, but no advanced degree.

At the other end of the scale, Arthur Burns, the near single-handed cause of the great inflation of the 1970s, was the most highly honored scholar to hold the Fed post. His election at age 39 as a fellow of the highly prestigious American Statistical Association was followed by identical elections to American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. He was president of the American Economic Association and one of his students, Nobel Laureate Milton Friedman, said Burns was one of two professors who inspired him to become an economist. Yet despite all these accomplishments, Burns not only allowed inflation to gather momentum, but did so by colluding politically with the White House unlike any other Fed chair.

So the fact that Warsh has a mere JD from Harvard Law School should not be held against him. Moreover, he is experienced, including five prior years on the Board of Governors during the great financial crisis of 2007-09. His nomination to the Board at age 35 in 2006 was a minor scandal because at that time, he had virtually no obvious qualifications. It was openly acknowledged that his choice back then was prompted by a donation of at least $300,000 to the re-election campaign of President George W. Bush by Warsh’s in-laws, owners of the Estee Lauder cosmetics empire.

However, despite his thin background, when the financial crisis of that decade broke out, Warsh was by all accounts knowledgeable and effective in the Fed’s efforts to prevent a disastrous meltdown of financial markets. And after leaving the Fed he has requited himself in a number of scholarly, managerial and corporate directorship positions. He is now 55 and has a solid track record.

This contrasts with “the other Kevin,” as Trump deemed him, Kevin Hassett, who has gotten much more ink. Within the economics discipline, if not regarded as a buffoon for his slavish attachment to Trump, Hassett is seen as a lightweight whose career has included a lot of time at institutions funded by conservative plutocrats like the Koch Brothers; during Trump’s first term, many of Hassett’s policy assertions got harsh criticism outside of the administration.

Christopher Waller, a current Fed governor and Bemidji State B. grad with a Ph.D. from Washington State, probably has a more sound background than either of the Kevins. But while appointed to the Board by Trump in 2020 and supporting many actions Trump wants, Waller somehow did not have the same level of regard in Trump’s eyes as did Warsh. That can best be explained by the fact that the president has little real interest in the tradeoffs or long-run implications of policy issues. Trump reacts on a short-term basis driven by how outcomes will affect his personal status. Waller is too committed as a policy analyst for that.

But then, while Warsh is not a policy wonk, choosing him raises the question, “what the heck was Trump thinking?” Warsh may mesh personally with Trump or Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent. He may be viewed with favor by the Wall Street operators who fund Trump. But he is a harsh critic of the 21st century Fed that he, himself, helped create 20 years ago. In this he is right.

Yet not for reasons Trump would necessarily support.

By pumping far more money into the economy on an on-going basis, the contemporary Fed has gone far beyond what the congressional creators of the original system had in mind in 1913. It is far beyond what was envisioned when the Fed was overhauled in the 1930s with the creation of the seven-member Board of Governors and the 12-member policy-making Federal Open Market Committee. Warsh is far from alone in thinking that it needs to be reined in. I, myself, think that true.

The problem is that doing so necessarily would entail a harsh crimping down on the measured money supply specifically, and the broader level of liquidity generally. In other words, it would mean raising interest rates pretty much across the board, including on home mortgages and on what the U.S. Treasury has to pay on every new issue of its bills notes and bonds — the short-, medium- and long-term national debt.

However, this directly counters what Trump incessantly calls for — lower interest rates, “the lowest of any country in the world.” As Fed chair, Warsh would surely be pressured to do Trump’s bidding in the same way current Chair Jerome Powell has been, relentlessly. In other words, do exactly the opposite of what’s needed to rein the Fed in.

And therein lies the dilemma. Trump wants lower rates. But that would raise the market prices of houses, cryptocurrencies and publicly traded investment funds specializing in “private equity” and “private debt” sharply. The Donald would be outraged, not pleased.

And so, to the dollar.

By making interest earnings in our country greater, higher interest rates might also reverse the fall in the value of the dollar relative to other currencies. That might please the president, but it would also erase the benefits of a weaker dollar to farmers, U.S. car manufacturers and steel mills. A weaker dollar means U.S. products are cheaper to foreign buyers and foreign products more expensive to U.S. buyers. In effect, it functions as a tariff on imports and a subsidy to exports.

Agriculture, where the hangover from a four-year spree of bidding up land prices is coming home with a vengeance, is in particularly bad shape. Conditions are bound to get worse for a crucial MAGA-friendly voting bloc just as a pivotal midterm election nears. (But haven’t we seen Trump supporters voting against their own financial interests before? Don’t take anything in politics for granted.).

In other words, if Warsh were to succeed in persuading his colleagues on the Board and FOMC in slimming down the Fed — something not at all sure given the limited power of the Chair — there would be difficult tradeoffs. The president flees these tradeoffs as a matter of course and flip-flops unpredictably when pressures rise. So Warsh will not have an easy time. Neither will the rest of us.

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St. Paul economist and writer Edward Lotterman can be reached at stpaul@edlotterman.com.

By CATHY BUSSEWITZ, Wellness Writer

NEW YORK (AP) — Barbara Goldberg brings a stack of newspapers to the office every day. The CEO of a Florida public relations firm scours stories for developments relevant to her clients while relishing holding the pages in her hand. “I want to touch it, feel it, turn the page and see the photos,” Goldberg said.

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Generation Z employees at O’Connell & Goldberg don’t get her devotion to newsprint when so much information is available online and constantly updated, she said. They came of age with smartphones in hand. And they spot trends on TikTok or Instagram that baby boomers like Goldberg might miss, she said.

The staff’s disparate media consumption habits become clear at a weekly Monday staff meeting. It was originally intended to discuss how the news of the day might impact the firm’s clients, Goldberg said. But instead of news stories, the conversation often turns to the latest slang, digital tools and memes.

The first time it happened, she listened without judgment, and thought, “Shoot, this is actually really insightful. I need to know the trending audio and I need to know these influencers.” Of her younger colleagues, she said, “they know the cultural conversation that I wasn’t thinking about.”

With at least five generations participating in the U.S. workforce, co-workers can at times feel like they speak different languages. The ways people born decades apart approach tasks may create misunderstandings. But some workplaces are turning the natural divides between age groups into a competitive advantage through reverse mentoring programs that recognize the strengths each generation brings to work and uses them to build mutual skills and respect.

Unlike traditional mentorships that involve an older person sharing wisdom with a younger colleague, reverse mentoring affords less experienced staff members the opportunity to teach seasoned colleagues about new trends and technologies.

“The generational differences, to me, are something to leverage. It’s like a superpower,” Goldberg said. “It’s where the magic happens.”

Here are some ways to make the most of a multigenerational workplace.

Mentoring up

Beauty product company Estée Lauder began a reverse mentoring program globally a decade ago when its managers realized consumers were rapidly getting beauty tips from social media influencers instead of department stores, said Peri Izzo, an executive director who oversaw the initiative.

The voluntary program now has roughly 1,200 participants. The mentors are millennials, born 1981 to 1986, and Gen Zers, born starting in 1997. They’re paired with mentees who are part of the U.S. baby boom of 1946 to 1964, and members of Generation X, born 1965 to 1980, according to the generational definitions of the Pew Research Center.

At the start of a new mentoring relationship, participants do icebreaker activities like a Gen Z vocabulary quiz. The young mentors take phrases they use with friends in group chats and quiz older colleagues about what they mean, said Izzo, who at age 33 qualifies as a young millennial. For example, if a Gen Zer says something is “living rent-free in your head,” it refers to someone or something that constantly occupies your thoughts.

“Most of the mentees knew what it was, but then one mentee’s reaction was, ‘Oh I get it, my son lives rent-free in my house,’ and everyone thought it was so funny because they were like, ‘You really don’t understand the context that it’s being used on TikTok and amongst millennial and Gen Z,’” Izzo said.

Madison Reynolds, 26, a product manager on the technology team at Estée Lauder, is a Gen Zer and serves as a reverse mentor in the program. She and her contemporaries teach their older colleagues phrases such as “You ate it up,” which means you did a good job. When her manager tries out Gen Z phrases, Reynolds offers feedback, saying, “No, that’s not right,” or “You got it.”

Give and take

When 81-year-old hotelier Bruce Haines brought in athletes from Lehigh University’s wrestling team to participate in a mentorship program at the Historic Hotel Bethlehem in Pennsylvania, he taught them about entrepreneurship by having the students shadow managers in various departments. He also gained valuable marketing insights from the students, which he hadn’t anticipated.

“It’s been energizing for me. It’s almost reinvigorating,” Haines, the hotel’s managing partner, said. “We tended to be Facebook-focused. We’re a luxury destination hotel, so we tend to be an older crowd that we’re reaching. They enhanced our marketing by alerting us that we need to be on Instagram and YouTube and get out there and reach the younger people.”

The students also suggested offering prepackaged pints of ice cream to the hotel’s in-house parlor because their contemporaries didn’t want to wait around for cones. “We were really missing out, and it’s truly increased our ice cream sales and our profitability,” Haines said.

Old-fashioned people skills

Carson Celio, 26, is an account supervisor at the PR firm Goldberg leads. She’s part of the cohort that advises the CEO about what’s trending on TikTok and what’s over with. She says Goldberg has taught her how to successfully work a room and spark conversations that feel natural and organic.

Celio was a sophomore in college when COVID-19 hit, which pushed most of her classes online, including a public speaking course. “We have spent so much time online and conducting meetings over Zoom or Teams.” As a result, in-person networking can feel overwhelming to her generation, she said. “Learning the value of actually being face to face with people and building those connections — Barbara has helped me a lot with that.”

A text or a tome

At Harvard Medical Faculty Physicians, a medical group that employs 2,400 doctors in eastern Massachusetts, Dr. Alexa B. Kimball adapts her communication style to a range of age groups. Some mature clinicians send very long emails, which can be unproductive.

“When you have an email conversation that’s in its 15th response, that tells you you should pick up the phone,” Kimball, the group’s CEO, said. On the other extreme, some of the youngest trainees communicate with six-word texts, she said.

A reverse mentoring program that teachers doctors about different communication styles helped when the practice launched a new medical records system that required 14 hours of training. Following the training, Kimball paired workers with more tech-savvy colleagues, who tended to be younger, to provide support.

Phased retirement

Robert Poole, 62, is the only person at health care technology company Abbott who manages the laser used to create nearly microscopic components of a cardiovascular device. Since he’s approaching retirement, Abbott hired Shahad Almahania, 33, an equipment engineer, to work alongside him and absorb some of his decades of knowledge.

“The equipment is all custom, so it takes a long time to learn how to run it and keep it running,” Poole said.

Poole, who began working in the 1980s, said he also learns from Almahania. When Abbott removed landline telephones five years ago, he migrated to group chats like Slack, asking her for help deciphering the meaning of emojis.

“When you strip away all the generational stereotypes, … every age group, every person, is looking for some of the same things,” said Leena Rinne, vice president at online learning platform Skillsoft. “They want supportive leadership. They want the opportunity to grow and to contribute in their workplace. They want respect and clarity.”

Share your stories and questions about workplace wellness at cbussewitz@ap.org. Follow AP’s Be Well coverage, focusing on wellness, fitness, diet and mental health at https://apnews.com/hub/be-well

While some Minnesota cities are turning over their new Local Affordable Housing Aid to their counties, one south metro city is working to keep its funds — and its residents — at home.

The city of Burnsville is using $1.5 million in LAHA funding to develop affordable housing programs that are specifically catered to the community’s needs, said Travis Bistodeau, deputy community development director for the city.

Created in 2023 by the Minnesota Legislature and funded by a 0.25% metro area sales tax, LAHA helps local governments develop and preserve affordable housing and help those experiencing homelessness, according to the Minnesota Department of Revenue.

LAHA funds are distributed based on the city’s share of cost-burdened households, Bistodeau said. Burnsville, which has a relatively high number of cost-burdened households, received about $405,000 of LAHA funding in 2024. In 2025, Burnsville received $1.1 million, the most of any city in Dakota County. Final amounts have not been announced for 2026, but Bistodeau said the city expects to receive about $1 million annually for the foreseeable future.

“Most Dakota County cities have made a decision to pass a portion or all of their LAHA dollars over to Dakota County for spending,” Bistodeau said.

Eagan, for example, committed $175,000 of the roughly $346,600 it received in 2024 LAHA funding to Dakota County, said Sara Horwath, director of communications and engagement for Eagan, in an email.

The county collected about $1.3 million in 2024 LAHA funds from Apple Valley, Eagan, Farmington, Hastings, Inver Grove Heights, Lakeville, Mendota Heights, Rosemount and South St. Paul, said Sara Swenson, director of administration and communications for the county’s Community Development Agency, in an email. Those funds will be used for county-wide home improvement loans and radon mitigation grants, Swenson said.

Burnsville, however, has taken a different approach.

“We have essentially programmed 100% of our dollars specific to Burnsville’s unique needs,” Bistodeau said.

The first of the city’s four programs is already up and running and the other three are expected to launch later this year.

Low-interest improvement loans

The city’s first LAHA-funded housing assistance program, which launched in September, offers two types of low-interest home improvement loans for families earning 80% or less of the area’s median income (for a one-person household, that’s $72,950; a two-person household is $83,400; a three-person household is $93,800; and a four-person household is $104,200).

The program, which is allocated $400,000 annually, provides low-interest loans for “most permanent interior and exterior improvements, maintenance or remodeling projects,” according to the eligibility requirements. These improvements can include a new roof, replacing siding or replacing mechanical equipment, Bistodeau said.

The Home Improvement Loan, which has a 3% interest rate and terms ranging from 10 to 20 years, is available in amounts from $5,000 to $50,000.

The Senior Deferred Home Improvement Loan, which has a 2% interest rate and a 30-year term, is available in amounts from $5,000 to $15,000. To be eligible for this loan, at least one borrower must be 65 or older.

Since the program’s launch, nine home improvement loan applications have been submitted, Bistodeau said.

Down payment assistance

The down payment assistance program will help families that earn 80% AMI or less get into their own home, Bistodeau said, adding that you do not have to be a first-time homebuyer to qualify.

This program, which has been allocated $200,000 annually, is intended to fund half of a traditional 20% down payment, Bistodeau said. For example, if a house is priced at $100,000, the city would put up $10,000 of the $20,000 down payment.

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The maximum home sale price under this program is $410,000, Bistodeau said, which was set to keep up with inflation. At the end of 2025, the median sale price of a home in Burnsville sat at $385,000, according to Redfin.

“The beauty of this is the loan is 100% forgivable if the family chooses to stay in the home for 30 years,” Bistodeau said. Should the homeowners choose to sell before then, the loan balance would be due.

Besides being fully forgivable after 30 years, no interest is charged to the borrower and all payments are deferred, so repayment is made in full only upon ownership change prior to 30 years.

“The (program’s) purpose is to open up homeownership opportunities in Burnsville for those who otherwise might not be able to make the leap from renting to owning,” Bistodeau said. “It also encourages neighborhood stability by encouraging folks to stay in their home, invest in their neighborhood and stay in our city long term.”

Rehab blighted homes

Burnsville city staff are working on a partnership with Habitat for Humanity to rehabilitate blighted homes in the city.

The idea behind the program, which will be funded to the tune of $500,000 annually, is to have Habitat for Humanity purchase vacant or blighted single-family homes, rehabilitate them to minimum standards and then sell the homes at an affordable rate to homebuyers earning 80% or less of the AMI, Bistodeau said.

“Habitat would come in, use our construction and volunteers to make improvements to a home and then make them available to homebuyers who are at 80% AMI or below,” said Beth Pfeifer, vice president of real estate development for Habitat for Humanity.

“We are super excited about this,” Pfeifer said, adding that the Burnsville program will be patterned after similar programs in Roseville and Edina.

Rehabilitating a house can take on many different forms, Pfeifer said, like replacing aging kitchen appliances, lead and asbestos abatement, radon mitigation or adding on a bedroom. “It depends on the house, which is a great thing about the project,” she said.

In some cases, they may consider adding solar panels, she said. “We really want to make sure that a home is affordable not only in terms of the mortgage, but in terms of utility costs and expenses that go into maintaining homeownership,” Pfeifer said.

“It’s a really great way for cities to take their current housing stock that might be in need of a little TLC and ensure that those homes stay affordable,” Pfeifer said.

As it’s currently sketched out, the city would help Habitat cover the upfront cost of a home, but the home would never be owned by the city. Once the home is rehabilitated, Habitat would sell it at an affordable price and the city would be refunded by Habitat.

Once all is said and done, the city’s final contribution would be $100,000 or less, Bistodeau said.

“We will ensure those homes remain affordable through a deed restriction for 30 years,” Pfeifer said.

“If the family who bought the home wants to sell the property before that restriction expires, they pay the city back our $100,000, but if they choose to stay in it, that $100,000 is forgiven,” Bistodeau said.

Details of the program and partnership are still being ironed out as it’s in the beginning stages of development, Bistodeau and Pfeifer both emphasized.

Emergency housing vouchers

The fourth program, an emergency housing voucher, was designed to assist low-income families who have suffered an emergency situation, Bistodeau said.

The program, which has been allocated $40,000 annually, will provide free hotel stays for up to two weeks, Bistodeau said.

The $40,000 figure was chosen through conversations with emergency responders and local school districts, Bistodeau said. “The school districts come across families in the winter who are displaced for a variety of reasons.”

Burnsville Fire Chief BJ Jungmann said he’s encountered individuals, seniors, multi-generational families and families with children experiencing homelessness in the community.

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The vision for this program is that it be used in an emergency or tragedy, Jungmann said, using an apartment fire as an example.

“When multiple families are displaced due to an apartment fire, they don’t always have a place to go,” Jungmann said. “Unfortunately when these things happen, it’s not a quick process to repair a building from something as significant as a fire.”

While it’s not a long-term solution, Bistodeau said, “rather than having nowhere to go, they have a temporary shelter.”

The emergency voucher program is expected to go live sometime this year, Bistodeau said.

Real growth vs. subsidized expansion

In a recent article (“How is St. Paul’s Victoria Crossing mall on Grand Ave. eligible for TIF funding?” Feb. 1) city leaders made the case that we have to choose, as a city, between growing and not growing. This is a fallacy. The real choice is between organic, sustainable growth and artificial, subsidized expansion that erodes our future.

One needs only look at Lowertown to see the sort of development that can be created by attracting developers who were able to increase density and tax base while still embracing the character of the existing buildings. During a period that began with 15 percent prime interest rates, the city managed to attract nearly $1 billion in private investment to that neighborhood with very little use of TIF projects, after 27 years. Most all Lowertown buildings would have been considered “structurally substandard.”

TIF doesn’t “add” to the tax base; it captures new revenue for up to 30 years. By the time these properties contribute to the general fund, their valuation has largely declined. In 2004, three TIF projects pushed downtown vacancy from 5% to 30%. We used tax dollars to overbuild, crashed the market, and are still struggling to recover.

St. Paul shouldn’t use public funds to repeat the mistakes of the past. Real growth shouldn’t require a 30-year subsidy to exist.

John Mannillo, St. Paul

 

Stop with the masks and the whistles

In order to help deescalate the immigration enforcement situation I have the following two suggestions:

To federal law enforcement personnel, please stop wearing face masks. When I see them I think of outlaws from western movies or imperial storm troopers from Star Wars. It is not a good look.

To protesters, please stop extended use of the whistles. I believe the intended use is to notify local residents of enforcement actions but it appears that well after this is accomplished they are still being blown in attempts to annoy law enforcement and resulting in increased chaos.

Maybe a little quid pro quo, if law enforcement is not wearing masks then protesters will not continue whistling indefinitely.

Tyler Beck, Vadnais Heights

 

Stop the elections takeover

During a July 26, 2024, speech at a Turning Point Action meeting, Donald Trump said, “Christians, get out and vote. Just this time. You won’t have to do it anymore, you know what? Four more years, it’ll be fixed, it’ll be fine, you won’t have to vote anymore, my beautiful Christians.”

Efforts by the Republican Party to suppress voting, acquire voter rolls, obtain ballots in Georgia, weaponize the Department of Justice to intimidate U.S. citizens, gerrymander districts in multiple states, implement the federal takeover of state elections, lend credence to Trump’s words. Include Pam Bondi’s ransom to end the ICE/DHS occupation of Minnesota if our state provides voter rolls and Republican goals become clear.

If we cannot stop this agenda, democracy as we know it is dead.

Denny Rue, St. Paul

 

Shoe’s on the other foot

According to a recent report, border czar Tom Homan has “zero tolerance for protestors who assault federal officers or impede the ongoing Twin Cities operation.” This is code for Homan excusing the federal government’s response to mass demonstrations in the Twin Cities. So: protestors are now to stop protesting murder by heavily armed masked squads in unmarked cars? Or standing up to same pepper-spraying and assaulting civilians exercising their constitutional rights often in subzero temperatures? If we go quietly then he’ll end the profiling, detention and deportation of U.S. citizens of color and random stops of motorists? I think he is revictimizing us; we are not assaulting anyone. Shoe’s on the other foot.

Jos F Landsberger, St. Paul

 

Dignity, restraint and love that refuses to lie

From Anchorage, Alaska, I’m writing with a message for Minnesota: Alex Pretti’s parents are not alone.

I honored their request to remember their son truthfully — as a good person — by writing a letter that was published here in Anchorage, and in my hometown paper in northern Wisconsin, the Iron County Miner, near where Alex’s grandparents are buried. I wanted the people of Minnesota to know that their call for truth traveled farther than they may realize.

In an era when grief is often weaponized, these parents modeled something powerful: dignity, restraint and love that refuses to lie. If our country celebrated civic courage the way it celebrates noise, they’d be nominated for every major honor we have for peace, character and public grace.

I also write as a father who lost a son after hard battles in our health-care world during the Donald Trump era. Different story — same heartbreak.

Minnesota, please keep standing for truth and humanity. From across the miles, we stand with you.

Ron Alleva, Anchorage

 

Reminded

The story in a recent edition of the Pioneer Press about the Lutsen Lodge owner suing his insurance company for nonpayment though he was charged with arson reminded me somewhat of the man who was on trial for murdering his parents and asking the judge for leniency because he was an orphan.

Don Jacobson, Shoreview

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