By KATIE WORKMAN

You know that burst of flavor you experience when you take a bite of certain savory foods, such as meat, fish, mushrooms or miso? That sensation of “whoa, that is just delicious!” In all likelihood, you are tasting umami.

Umami, which translates to “delicious savory taste, ” was identified as a distinct flavor in 1908 by Japanese chemist Kikunae Ikeda. It’s now recognized as the fifth taste, joining sweet, salty, bitter and sour.

The concept of this fifth taste has been embraced in the East for a long time, before it had an official name. But it’s still a relatively new idea to many home cooks in the West.

If you’ve ever wondered why sprinkling Parmesan on your pasta made it just so much more satisfying, why the exterior of a roasted pork shoulder has so much flavor, why miso soup tastes so luxurious, why bacon is so freaking delicious, why an anchovy-laded Caesar salad dressing makes you want to wriggle with joy, why caramelized onions have so much depth — the answer is umami.

Umami flavor comes from glutamate, a common amino acid or protein building block found in many foods. The most familiar is monosodium glutamate, or MSG. In the U.S., it was once believed that MSG wasn’t good for you, but it’s now generally recognized as a safe addition to food. Many Asian chefs have worked to reintroduce MSG into daily cooking.

Umami can be found in many ingredients in many cuisines

Foods rich with umami flavor include:

Aged cheeses: Blue cheese, gouda and cheddar are some of the most umami-packed cheeses due to the breakdown of proteins that takes places during the aging process. Parmesan cheese is widely recognized as an umami bomb.

Tomato products: The more cooked down, the more concentrated the umami — think tomato paste, sundried tomatoes and ketchup.

Mushrooms: In particular, shiitake, oyster and portobello mushrooms. Also, make use of dried mushrooms.

Meat and meat broths: Roasted and grilled meats are examples of umami richness. A roasted chicken, pan-seared steak. Cured meats like prosciutto and bacon are also umami powerhouses. So are ramen, udon soup and other foods made with rich savory broths.

Fish and seafood: Especially varieties like sea urchin, shrimp and scallops. You will also find high levels of umami flavor in fish and fish broths, especially little oily fish like sardines and anchovies.

Bonito flakes: These tissue-thin, fluffy shards of cooked and dry-smoked tuna are used as the base of dashi, a seasoning blend at the base of much Japanese cooking. Dashi also usually includes shiitake mushrooms and kombu (seaweed).

Many fermented things have umami taste

Soy sauce, or shoyu, is one of the pillars of umami flavor in Asian cooking. Fermentation breaks down the proteins in the soybeans and wheat used to make soy sauce into amino acids, glutamic acid in particular. Tamari is a gluten-free version of this condiment.

Fish sauce is another source of umami, used often in Southeast Asian cooking. The basic ingredients are anchovies and salt. The salt pulls out the liquid from the fish and creates a dark, potent amber sauce. This is one of the reasons that Thai, Vietnamese and Philippine food, to name a few, taste so distinctively and pungently savory.

Non-meat options

Vegetarians and vegans might think that elusive fifth taste is hard to achieve without meat or other animal products, but there is much good news!

Seaweed: Another big source of umami (and not coincidentally the other main ingredient in dashi).

Yeast enhancers and spreads: Umami is the leading flavor note of marmite and nutritional yeast.

Miso paste, made from fermented soybeans, is high in umami, whether you are using white miso, brown rice miso, red miso or yellow miso.

A few of many interesting accents from the pantry…

An online store called Umami Mart makes an umami salt that contains salt, black, garlic and shiitake mushrooms.

Red Boat makes excellent fish sauce and also has as a seasoned salt made with anchovies, a dry way to add pungent flavor.

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Fan favorite Kewpie Mayonnaise is rich in umami thanks to the combo of egg yolks, vinegar and MSG.

Cabi makes an umami dashi soy sauce, which packs a serious umami punch.

A company called Muso makes organic umami purees from soy sauce and koji-cultured rice designed to add flavor and tenderize foods.

Yamaki makes dashi sachets and various sized packages of bonito flakes.

Kayanoya is a Japan-based company known for its line of dashi products ranging from dashi, kelp and mushroom stock powders to ramen and udon broth mixes.

Vumami makes a line of condiments called Umami Bomb, made with fermented soy beans, tamari and shiitake mushrooms. They can be added to stir-fries or soups, and used as a dumpling dip.

Now that you know what you’re tasting, you’ll be looking for ways to incorporate more of this fifth dates into your cooking. It’s truly as easy as knowing what ingredients to reach for!

Katie Workman writes regularly about food for The Associated Press. She has written two cookbooks focused on family-friendly cooking, “Dinner Solved!” and “The Mom 100 Cookbook.” She blogs at https://themom100.com/. She can be reached at Katie@themom100.com.

For more AP food stories, go to https://apnews.com/hub/recipes.

By MICHAEL R. SISAK and JENNIFER PELTZ

NEW YORK (AP) — One of Harvey Weinstein ‘s accusers broke down in tears and cursed on the witness stand Friday as a defense lawyer questioned her account of the former Hollywood mogul forcing oral sex on her nearly two decades ago.

“He was the one who raped me, not the other way around,” Miriam Haley told jurors.

“That is for the jury to decide,” Weinstein lawyer Jennifer Bonjean responded.

“No, it’s not for the jury to decide. It’s my experience. And he did that to me,” Haley said, using expletives as tears began streaming down her face.

Judge Curtis Farber halted questioning and sent jurors on a break. Haley, her eyes red and face glistening, did not look at Weinstein as she left the witness stand.

Haley, 48, was testifying for a fourth day at Weinstein’s rape trial. Questioning resumed after the break, with Haley composed but occasional flickers of frustration in her voice.

Bonjean continued to press her about specifics she did and did not recall from the alleged July 2006 assault and about its aftermath, including a time a couple of weeks later when Haley has said she had sex with Weinstein that she didn’t want but didn’t fight.

“You didn’t say, ‘Like, hey, what you did to me the other night wasn’t cool?’” Bonjean asked.

“No,” said Haley, reiterating that she “went numb” during the hotel encounter.

Weinstein is charged with sexually assaulting Haley and another woman and raping a third. He denies the allegations and his lawyers argue that his accusers had consensual encounters with a then-powerful movie producer who could advance their careers.

Haley, who has also gone by the name Mimi Haleyi, is the first accuser to testify at the retrial, which is happening after an appeals court overturned Weinstein’s conviction at an earlier trial. Haley’s testimony at that 2020 trial took just one day.

Haley alleges that Weinstein assaulted her after inviting her to his apartment to, as she put it, “just stop by and say hi.” She had worked briefly as a production assistant on the Weinstein-produced TV show “Project Runway,” and his company had booked her a flight to Los Angeles the next day attend a movie premiere.

She testified earlier in the week that Weinstein backed her into a bedroom and pushed her onto a bed, holding her down as she tried to get up and pleaded: “No, no — it’s not going to happen.”

Haley and two of her friends testified that she told them soon after that Weinstein had sexually assaulted her. She maintains she was never interested in any sexual or romantic relationship with Weinstein, despite his past overtures, but wanted his help getting jobs in show business.

Zeroing in on the alleged assault, Bonjean on Friday questioned why Haley would agree to go to Weinstein’s apartment after what the witness described as previous “bizarre” and “overwhelming” behavior, including his barging into her home weeks earlier as he sought to persuade her to go to Paris with him.

Haley said she didn’t have a reason to turn down Weinstein’s request to stop by his apartment, thought it would be impolite to refuse, and didn’t fear for her safety, even after his earlier behavior.

Haley grew emotional as Bonjean asked just how Haley’s clothes came off before Weinstein allegedly yanked out a tampon and performed oral sex on her. Haley said Weinstein took off her clothing, but she didn’t recall the details: “I was, you know, busy struggling,” she explained.

“You removed your clothes, right?” Bonjean soon asked, leading to the fractious and tearful exchange.

Earlier, Bonjean had focused on Haley’s trip to Los Angeles at the expense of Weinstein’s then-company. “Did you just think he was just being generous?” the defense attorney asked.

Haley said she accepted partly because she wanted to “get back in his good books” after turning down the earlier invitation to Paris, and the Los Angeles trip seemed more appropriate because she’d be traveling on her own and could also visit a friend there.

“You wanted to appease him, make him happy, make him like you?” Bonjean asked.

“Well, that, too,” Haley said.

Weinstein’s retrial includes charges related to Haley and another accuser from the original trial, Jessica Mann, who alleges a 2013 rape. He’s also being tried, for the first time, for allegedly forcing oral sex on former model Kaja Sokola in 2006.

Mann and Sokola also are expected to testify.

The Associated Press generally does not name people who allege they have been sexually assaulted unless they give permission for their names to be used. Haley, Mann and Sokola have done so.

By AMANDA SEITZ and ALANNA DURKIN RICHER

WASHINGTON (AP) — President Donald Trump’s administration is conducting a nationwide, multi-agency review of 450,000 migrant children who crossed the U.S.-Mexico border without their parents during President Joe Biden’s term.

Trump officials say they want to track down those children and ensure their safety. Many of the children came to the U.S. during surges at the border in recent years and were later placed in homes with adult sponsors, typically parents, relatives or family friends.

Migrant advocates are dubious of the Republican administration’s tactics, which include dispatching Homeland Security and FBI agents to visit the children. Trump’s zero-tolerance approach to immigrants in the U.S. illegally — which has resulted in small children being flown out of the country — has raised deep suspicion his administration may use the review to deport any sponsors or children who are not living in the country legally.

Trump officials say the adult sponsors who took in migrant children were not always properly vetted, leaving some at risk for exploitation. The Department of Justice has indicted a man on allegations he enticed a 14-year-old girl to travel from Guatemala to the U.S. and then falsely claimed she was his sister to gain custody as her sponsor.

FILE – Women and children migrants walk with a larger group of migrants through Tapachula, Chiapas state, Mexico, in an attempt to reach the U.S. border, Jan. 20, 2025, the inauguration day of U.S. President Donald Trump. (AP Photo/Edgar H. Clemente, FIle)

Trump officials will do house checks and interviews

Trump officials expect more problematic sponsors will surface as the administration conducts door knocks and interviews to check on cases in which complaints — about 65,000 of them since 2023 — have been filed. This year, about 450 cases with complaints have been referred to federal law enforcement officials, according to a senior Health and Human Services official who was not authorized to publicly discuss details of the review and spoke on the condition of anonymity.

“We’re combing through every report, every detail — because protecting children isn’t optional,” HHS said in a social media post on X. Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. appeared to reference the review during a Cabinet meeting with Trump on Wednesday, saying his agency was trying to “find the children.”

For at least a decade, the federal government has allowed adults to apply to house migrant children who crossed the border without a parent or legal guardian. The program, however, was plagued with problems during the Democratic Biden administration years as officials struggled to process an influx of thousands of children. Federal officials failed to conduct background or address checks in some cases before placing children with sponsors. In other instances, sponsors provided plainly false identification, a federal watchdog report last year concluded.

After that report was issued, the Biden administration said it had already worked to improve the issues through “training, monitoring, technology and evaluation.”

Thousands of kids were placed with legitimate sponsors

But thousands of children were also placed with legitimate families, some of whom now fear they’ll be swept up in the Trump administration’s review and targeted for deportation, said Mary Miller Flowers, the policy director of the Young Center for Immigrant Children’s Rights.

The center is assigned to work with some of the most vulnerable children who cross the border. Flowers said that many children have been placed with their parents, grandparents, cousins, aunts or uncles.

In some cases, children may arrive at the border separately from their parents who already live in the U.S. and reunite with them through the program.

“Now you have a situation where the government is checking on the wellness of children and encountering their undocumented parents and deporting their parents,” Flowers said. “I don’t know what about that is good for children.”

Government has taken custody of 100 kids

So far, about 100 kids in the past two months have been removed from their sponsors and put back into custody of the federal government, typically in private shelters, according to the health department official.

In Cleveland, federal prosecutors allege that one man, who was living in the U.S. illegally, arranged for the 14-year-old girl to get a copy of his sister’s birth certificate and then coordinated her journey from Guatemala to the U.S. He claimed to be her brother, but no fingerprinting or DNA testing was done to verify his claim, according to a senior Justice Department official who was not authorized to speak publicly and spoke on the condition of anonymity.

The man pleaded guilty to sexual battery of the child in Ohio state court in 2024 and was sentenced to eight years in prison, the official said. The man now faces federal charges including inducing illegal entry for financial gain and aggravated identity theft. Attorneys for the man declined to comment.

As part of the review, the Trump administration is working to identify the location of every child who has been placed with a sponsor, the Justice Department official said. Investigators are going through suspicious sponsorship applications, like so-called “super sponsors,” who have claimed to have family relationships with, in some cases, more than a dozen unaccompanied children, the official said.

Videos and reports of armed law enforcement officers showing up to conduct wellness checks at the doorsteps of unaccompanied minors and their sponsors have surfaced from across the country.

In an emailed statement, the FBI said that it is conducting “nationwide” welfare checks because “protecting children is a critical mission,” adding that it would continue to work with its “federal, state and local partners to secure their safety and well-being.”

But advocates have raised doubts that children will open up about abuse or other concerns about their sponsors to armed law enforcement officers from federal agencies who are simultaneously executing mass deportation campaigns.

H2The search for kids has resulted in deportation of some adults

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In Hawaii, homeland security agents have been scouring Kona for unaccompanied minors and their sponsors, with two families deported as a result and another child put back into federal custody, according to a news report from the Honolulu Civil Report. Last month, a northern Virginia attorney posted video of five federal agents visiting the home of his client, who is awaiting a green card, for a welfare check. And in Omaha, a 10-year-old who came to the U.S. unaccompanied about three years ago and was placed with his uncle was visited by armed agents in “black, tactical gear” two weeks ago, according to his attorney. He was asked a series of questions, including the status of his case and the whereabouts of his sponsor, according to his attorney Julia Cryne.

“They’re using this as a way to go after the kids,” Cryne said. Her client, she added, has recently had his application for a green card approved.

H2New rules make it more difficult for sponsors

The Trump administration has dramatically altered the way the sponsorship program works. It’s cut funding for the attorneys who represented the most vulnerable migrant children, leaving even toddlers or preschool aged-children with no federally-funded representation.

The administration has also rolled out a number of new rules for adults who want to sponsor a migrant child, according to guidance obtained by the Associated Press. In recent weeks, the office began requiring sponsors to submit fingerprinting, DNA testing and income verification to strengthen its screening procedures.

That could be a hurdle for many sponsors who may not have an income or might be undocumented, Flowers said. Children cannot leave federal custody until they are released to a sponsor.

“They have put in a trifecta of policies that essentially make it impossible for them to leave federal detention,” Flowers said.

Beatrice Dupuy in New York contributed.

An Illinois landlord was sentenced 53 years in prison Friday for the murder of 6-year-old Wadee Alfayoumi and the attempted murder of the boy’s mother in October 2023, an attack a jury found to be a hate crime spurred by the war in Gaza.

Given his age, Joseph Czuba, 73, will likely spend the rest of his life behind bars under the sentence imposed by Judge Amy M. Bertani-Tomczak.

A Will County jury in Illinois deliberated for just over an hour in February before finding him guilty of fatally stabbing Wadee, a Palestinian-American kindergartener. The panel also convicted Czuba of attacking his mother, Hanan Shaheen, and committing hate crimes.

Just before noon, Wadee’s grandfather, Mahmoud Yousef, walked slowly to the lectern to address the judge. He had not prepared a statement in advance, in part because “there’s nothing too much you can say.” He thanked the police, the attorneys and others who had been part of the case.

He then took a deep breath.

“It’s not easy,” he said.

He thanked Plainfield, for “standing up against the hate crimes.”

“No matter what the sentence is going to be, it’s not going to be justified for us,” he said.

Yousef turned around to face Czuba. Wadee’s parents had plans and dreams for him from the moment he was born, he said.

“Mr. Joseph had no right to take it,” he said. “We want to know what made him do this. What type of news did he hear on the TV or radio that made him do such an unheard (sic) crime, that is more than just hate? We are talking about a 6-year-old kid.”

He turned again to look at Czuba.

“We need to know,” he said. “We deserve for Mr. Joseph to explain his acts. One stab was not enough. Give the father that peace of mind, who had all the plans for his future.”

He turned back around.

“Mr. Joseph, say something,” he said.

Czuba said nothing.

Outside the fourth-floor courtroom after Bertani-Tomczak delivered the sentence, Yousef said he and Wadee’s father, Odai Alfayoumi, were disappointed that Czuba declined to speak.

“We were hoping he was going to say something,” he said. “This sentence is justice for the type of murder, but it’s not justice for us.”

The sentencing is a somber conclusion to a case that drew national attention to spiking Islamophobia against Palestinians and Muslims in the wake of the Israel-Hamas war. The war broke out about a week before Czuba attacked the boy and his mother in the home they shared with him and his wife in Plainfield Township.

Czuba’s wife, who was not home at the time of the attacks, divorced him after his arrest and testified against him at trial.

Wadee spent the last morning of his life eating breakfast, helping his mother change the sheets on their beds and playing an educational cell phone game, according to his mother’s testimony. Then Czuba knocked on the door and pushed Shaheen when she opened it.

Shaheen testified during the trial that she believed she was dying during the attack, and locked herself in the bathroom to tell a 911 dispatcher “(Czuba is) killing my baby with a knife” as her son screamed in the next room.

The last words she heard him say were “oh no.”

Authorities found the 62-pound kindergartener lying on a bed with 26 stab wounds. Czuba had left the knife in his body.

Former President Joseph R. Biden named Wadee in a national address weeks after the war broke out, calling the boy “a proud American” and exhorting listeners not to “stand by and stand silent” when they witnessed Islamaphobic and anti-semitic behavior, which rose following the war’s outbreak.

Advocates hailed Czuba’s conviction as a welcome, expected punctuation to a case so wrenching it brought police to tears on the witness stand. But still, they warned, Wadee’s life and death proved the deadly consequences of “hate-filled rhetoric.” Though Wadee and his mother had lived with Czuba and his wife as tenants for nearly two years when the war began, Czuba only became hostile to them after becoming “heavily interested” in the war — telling Shaheen that her people were killing Jews and babies and likening his tenants to “infested rats” shortly after he was arrested.

Shaheen testified that she had no issues with Czuba until the Israel-Hamas war began. After the Oct. 7 attacks, he grew angry with her because she was Muslim and was from Jerusalem, she said.

She said Czuba told her “Muslims are not welcome here.”

He demanded she move out of the home, Shaheen told jurors. Czuba — who also withdrew $1,000 from the bank in case financial systems were affected by the war — said he needed to rent her rooms to a friend.

Shaheen said she assured him she was looking for a place. She also told him to “pray for peace.”

The home where Joseph Czuba allegedly stabbed 6-year-old Wadee Alfayoumi to death and seriously injured his mother, Hanan Shaheen, on Oct. 15, 2023, in Plainfield. (Armando L. Sanchez/Chicago Tribune)

On Oct. 14, 2023, Czuba knocked on Shaheen’s door and physically pushed her after she answered, she said.

“I told you to move out of my home,” Czuba told her, Shaheen testified, adding he was screaming about the war.

She said he also climbed on top of her and tried to strangle her. He stabbed her multiple times in the chest, mouth, neck, across her cheek and near her eye, according to authorities.

At one point, Shaheen testified Czuba told Wadee that Czuba and his wife would raise him but that he could never tell anyone that Czuba killed his mom.

Shaheen said she fought back during the attack but believed she was dying. She wasn’t seeing clearly and was swallowing blood, she said.

She was able to lock herself in the bathroom and call 911. That’s when he began attacking Wadee, she said.

“He’s killing my baby with a knife,” Shaheen told the dispatcher, according to a recording played in court.

Odai Alfayoumi and others carry the casket of his six-year-old son, Wadee Alfayoumi, to the burial at Parkholm Cemetery in La Grange Park on Oct. 16, 2023. (Eileen T. Meslar/Chicago Tribune)

After Czuba attacked Shaheen, he turned his anger towards Wadee, prosecutors said, stabbing him 26 times and leaving the knife with its 7-inch blade in his body.

Police testified they found Czuba lying on the ground in the yard. After his arrest, Czuba was captured on a police camera saying Wadee and Shaheen made him fear for his life.

“I begged her to get out for three days,” Czuba says on the recording. “She would not leave.”

Before the sentencing, Czuba’s defense attorney George Lenard asked for a new trial, objecting to what he described as “prejudicial” comments by prosecutors to the jury during rebuttal arguments that he alleged appealed to jurors’ sympathy. He referenced emotionally charged testimony and evidence, including a photograph of Wadee upon discovery by Will County Sheriff’s deputies.

“When that photograph of Wadee was shown to the jury, one of the jurors became visibly emotional and started crying,” he said.That juror, he said, was the foreman of the panel.

Bertani-Tomzack denied the motion.

“Even considering your claimed errors, the strength of the evidence that was presented in the courtroom makes the difference,” she said.

Wadee loved basketball, soccer and Legos, according to his family.

“I will always remember him with pride,” Wadee’s father’s said.