By KOSTYA MANENKOV, STEFANIE DAZIO and LAURAN NEERGAARD, Associated Press

STOCKHOLM — Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell and Dr. Shimon Sakaguchi won the Nobel Prize in medicine on Monday for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance.

Brunkow, 64, is a senior program manager at the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle. Ramsdell, 64, is a scientific adviser for Sonoma Biotherapeutics in San Francisco. Sakaguchi, 74, is a distinguished professor at the Immunology Frontier Research Center at Osaka University in Japan.

The immune system has many overlapping systems to detect and fight bacteria, viruses and other bad actors. Key immune warriors such as T cells get trained on how to spot bad actors. If some instead go awry in a way that might trigger autoimmune diseases, they’re supposed to be eliminated in the thymus — a process called central tolerance.

The Nobel winners unraveled an additional way the body keeps the system in check.

The Nobel Committee said it started with Sakaguchi’s discovery in 1995 of a previously unknown T cell subtype now known as regulatory T cells or T-regs.

Then in 2001, Brunkow and Ramsdell discovered a culprit mutation in a gene named Foxp3, a gene that also plays a role in a rare human autoimmune disease.

The Nobel Committee said two years later, Sakaguchi linked the discoveries to show that the Foxp3 gene controls the development of those T-regs — which in turn act as a security guard to find and curb other forms of T cells that overreact.

The work opened a new field of immunology, said Karolinska Institute rheumatology professor Marie Wahren-Herlenius. Researchers around the world now are working to use regulatory T cells to develop treatments for autoimmune diseases and cancer.

“Their discoveries have been decisive for our understanding of how the immune system functions and why we do not all develop serious autoimmune diseases,” said Olle Kämpe, chair of the Nobel Committee.

Thomas Perlmann, Secretary-General of the Nobel Committee, said he was only able to reach Sakaguchi by phone Monday morning.

“I got hold of him at his lab and he sounded incredibly grateful, expressed that it was a fantastic honor. He was quite taken by the news,” Perlmann said. He added that he left voicemails for Brunkow and Ramsdell.

The award is the first of the 2025 Nobel Prize announcements and was announced by a panel at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm.

Nobel announcements continue with the physics prize on Tuesday, chemistry on Wednesday and literature on Thursday. The Nobel Peace Prize will be announced Friday and the Nobel Memorial Prize in economics Oct. 13.

The award ceremony will be held Dec. 10, the anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel, who founded the prizes. Nobel was a wealthy Swedish industrialist and the inventor of dynamite. He died in 1896.

The trio will share the prize money of 11 million Swedish kronor (nearly $1.2 million).

Dazio reported from Berlin and Neergaard from Washington.

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LONDON — In a game they absolutely had to have on Sunday at Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, the Vikings found a way to escape with a 21-17 win over the Cleveland Browns.

It wasn’t pretty by any stretch of the imagination.

The sloppiness is something head coach Kevin O’Connell said he needs to get cleaned up moving forward. But O’Connell also praised his team for its relentlessness, crediting them for making it through an unprecedented international swing over the past week and a half.

Though they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Dublin, the Vikings made sure that they returned home with a win over the Browns in London.

The Vikings are now 5-0 in games played in London. Here are some takeaways from the latest:

Carson Wentz’s toughness

After getting crushed on a scramble up the middle, veteran quarterback Carson Wentz got checked out in the blue medical tent, then made his way to the locker room shortly before halftime. It started to look like rookie quarterback Max Brosmer might be thrust into action. Instead, Wentz emerged from the locker room after halftime and played through the pain to lead the Vikings to a comeback win. He was at his best on the final drive, completing 9 of 9 passes for 71 yards and a touchdown with 21 seconds left that proved to be the difference.

Justin Jefferson’s excellence

It was almost as if Justin Jefferson knew he had to be the best player on the field. The Vikings’ star receiver was spectacular throughout, with a performance that seemed to elevate everybody around him. He had a leaping grab over the middle on which he put his body in harm’s way without hesitation. He also made an incredible catch near the sideline after winning a battle at the point of attack. The latter came on the final drive and helped put the Vikings in position to win.

Jordan Addison’s benching

The absence of star receiver Jordan Addison was conspicuous in the opening 15 minutes. He wasn’t playing despite being on the sideline with his helmet on. The reason for him not playing was initially unclear, but O’Connell said after the game that Addison was benched as a punishment for missing a walkthrough this week. As soon as he was allowed to return to the huddle, Addison made his presence felt, recording a handful of receptions, including a touchdown in the final seconds that put the Vikings on top for good.

Christian Darrisaw’s snaps

As the Vikings were trying to mount a comeback, star left tackle Christian Darrisaw was watching from the sideline. That caused some shuffling on the offensive line, forcing left tackle Justin Skule and right tackle Walter Rouse to serve as the bookends. Asked about having to sit out down the stretch, Darrisaw explained that it was part of a plan that has long been in place, designed to limit his snaps as he continues to ramp up after having surgery on his left knee.

Ryan Wright’s punt

It’s not often that punter Ryan Wright gets talked about during a game. That’s how impressive his 77-yard punt was in real time. It came at a big moment, too, as the Vikings very much needed to flip the field to avoid potentially surrendering points. Though it didn’t actually contribute to the scoreboard, the punt helped swing the momentum. Who knows what happens if Wright doesn’t step up with his right foot? Maybe the game gets out of hand before Wentz and Addison have a chance to win the game.

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Today is Monday, Oct. 6, the 279th day of 2025. There are 86 days left in the year.

Today in history:

On Oct. 6, 1981, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was shot to death by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad while reviewing a military parade.

Also on this date:

In 1927, the era of talking pictures arrived with the opening of “The Jazz Singer” starring Al Jolson, a feature film containing both silent and sound-synchronized sequences.

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In 1973, war erupted in the Middle East as Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights during the Yom Kippur holiday, starting a nearly three-week conflict that would become known as the Yom Kippur War.

In 1976, Republican President Gerald R. Ford, in his second presidential debate with Democrat Jimmy Carter, asserted that there was “no Soviet domination of eastern Europe.” Carter went on to narrowly defeat Ford.

In 1979, Pope John Paul II, on a weeklong U.S. tour, became the first pontiff to visit the White House, where he was received by President Jimmy Carter.

In 2007, British adventurer Jason Lewis completed the first human-powered circumnavigation of the globe, spanning 13 years and more than 46,000 miles.

In 2010, Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Roy Halladay tossed just the second postseason no-hitter in MLB history, blanking the Cincinnati Reds 4-0.

In 2014, the Supreme Court unexpectedly cleared the way for a dramatic expansion of gay marriage in the United States as it rejected appeals from five states seeking to preserve their bans, effectively making such marriages legal in 30 states.

In 2018, in the narrowest Senate confirmation of a Supreme Court justice in nearly a century and a half, Brett Kavanaugh was confirmed by a 50-48 vote; he was sworn in hours later.

Today’s Birthdays:

Actor Britt Ekland is 83.
Irish politician Gerry Adams is 77.
Pro Football Hall of Fame coach Tony Dungy is 70.
Bowler Walter Ray Williams Jr. is 66.
Actor Elisabeth Shue is 62.
House Majority Leader Steve Scalise, R-La., is 60.
Actor Emily Mortimer is 54.
Basketball Hall of Famer Rebecca Lobo is 52.
Actor Ioan Gruffudd (YOH’-ihn GRIH’-fihth) is 52.
Actor Jeremy Sisto is 51.
Football Hall of Famer Richard Seymour is 46.
NFL quarterback Trevor Lawrence is 26.
Social media personality Addison Rae is 25.
Basketball player Bronny James is 21.

More than 30,000 people registered to participate in the 2025 Medtronic Twin Cities Marathon weekend, according to Twin Cities in Motion.

The 44th annual race spanned 26.2 miles from downtown Minneapolis to the State Capitol grounds in St. Paul. A total of 7025 participants completed the marathon, with 9607 other participants completing a 10-mile run, according to the running event organizer and nonprofit, Twin Cities in Motion.

Will Norris of Iowa came out in first place for the men’s category of the marathon, with a time of two hours, 15 minutes and 41 seconds. Jane Bareikis from Illinois placed first in the women’s category with a time of two hours, 32 minutes and 52 seconds.

Daniel Duehs of Cold Spring defended their nonbinary title with a time of 3 hours, nine minutes and 53 seconds. Hermin Garic of New York won the men’s push-rim wheelchair title with a time of one hour, 46 minutes and 16. Hannah Babalola of Chicago won the women’s push-rim wheelchair title with two hours, 21 minutes and 47 seconds.

For the 10-mile race, Yemane Haileselassi of Eritrea placed first in the men’s category with a time of 46 minutes and 24 seconds. Mercy Chelangat of Kenya placed first in the women’s category title with 52 minutes and four seconds. Piper Bain of Minneapolis won their second consecutive nonbinary title in 1:11:27.

For more details on results from Sunday’s races, visit raceroster.com and search “2025 Medtronic Twin Cities Marathon.”

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