Confidence. Some people have more of it and some people have less. Confident people have what psychologists call a strong internal locus of control. They believe they have the resources to control their own destiny. They have a bias toward action. They venture into the future.

When it comes to confidence, some nations have it and some don’t. Some nations once had it but then lost it. Earlier this month on his blog, “Marginal Revolution,” Alex Tabarrok, a George Mason University economist, asked us to compare America’s behavior during Cold War I (against the Soviet Union) with America’s behavior during Cold War II (against China). I look at that difference and I see a stark contrast — between a nation back in the 1950s that possessed an assumed self-confidence versus a nation today that is even more powerful but has had its easy self-confidence stripped away.

In the 1950s, American intelligence suggested that the Soviet Union was leapfrogging U.S. capabilities across a range of military technologies. Then on Oct. 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik, into space.

Americans were shocked but responded with confidence. Within a year the United States had created NASA and ARPA (later DARPA), the research agency that among other things helped create the internet. In 1958, President Dwight Eisenhower signed the National Defense Education Act, one of the most important education reforms of the 20th century, which improved training, especially in math, science and foreign languages. The National Science Foundation budget tripled. The Department of Defense vastly increased spending on research and development. Within a few years total research and development spending across many agencies zoomed up to nearly 12% of the entire federal budget. (It’s about 3% today.)

America’s leaders understood that a superpower rivalry is as much an intellectual contest as a military and economic one. It’s who can out-innovate whom. So they fought the Soviet threat with education, with the goal of maximizing talent on our side.

“One reason the U.S. economy had such a good Cold War was that the American university had an ever better one,” historian Hal Brands writes in his book “The Twilight Struggle.” Federal support for academic research rose to $1.45 billion in 1970 from $254 million in 1958. Earlier in that century, American universities lagged behind their “best” European peers, Brands observes; by the end of the Cold War, they dominated the globe.

Today we are in a second Cold War. For the first couple of decades it wasn’t clear whether China was a rival or a friend, but now it’s pretty clear that China is more a rival than a friend. As scholar Robert D. Atkinson argued in The New York Times this year, for the Chinese regime, the desire to make money is secondary. “Its primary goal is to damage America’s economy and pave the way for China to become the world’s pre-eminent power,” he wrote.

China is a country that, according to a 2024 House committee inquiry, was directly subsidizing the manufacture and export of fentanyl materials, even though drug overdose is the leading cause of death among Americans 18 to 44.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, China has moved — confidently — to seize the future, especially in the realm of innovation and ideas. China’s total research and development funding has grown 16-fold since 2000. Now China is surging ahead of the United States in a range of academic spheres. In 2003, Chinese scholars produced very few broadly cited research papers. Now they produce more “high impact” research papers than Americans do, and according to The Economist, they absolutely dominate research in the following fields: materials science, chemistry, engineering, computer science, the environment and ecology, agricultural science, physics and math.

These achievements of course lead directly to China’s advantages across a range of high-tech industries. It’s not just high-tech manufacturing of things like electric vehicles, drones and solar panels. It’s high-tech everything. In the years between 2003 and 2007, according to a study by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, the United States led the way in 60 of 64 frontier technologies — stretching across sectors such as defense, space, energy, the environment, computing and biotech. By the period between 2019 and 2023, the Chinese led among 57 of those 64 key technologies, while the United States led in only seven.

Then along came AI. Americans overall are fearful about it. Last year, the polling organization Ipsos asked people from 32 countries if they were excited for the AI future or nervous about it. Americans are among the most nervous people in the world. The countries most excited by the prospect of that future? China, South Korea, Indonesia and Thailand. The fact is that nobody knows what the AI future holds; people’s projections about it mostly reflect their emotional states. Americans used to be the youthful optimists of the globe. Not right now.

So how is America responding to the greatest challenge of Cold War II? With huge increases in research? By infusing money into schools and universities that train young minds and produce new ideas? We’re doing the exact opposite. Today’s leaders don’t seem to understand what the Chinese clearly understand — that the future will be dominated by the country that makes the most of its talent. On his blog, Tabarrok gets it about right: “The DeepSeek Moment has been met not with resolve and competition but with anxiety and retreat.”

Populists are anti-intellectual. President Donald Trump isn’t pumping research money into the universities; he’s draining it out. The administration is not tripling the National Science Foundation’s budget; it’s trying to gut it. The administration is trying to cut all federal basic research funding by a third, according to the American Association for the Advancement of Science. A survey by the journal Nature of 1,600 scientists in the United States found that three-quarters of them have considered leaving the country.

The response to the Sputnik threat was to go outward and compete. Trump’s response to the Chinese threat generally is to build walls, to erect trade barriers and to turn inward. A normal country would be strengthening friendships with all nations not named China, but the United States is burning bridges in all directions. A normal country would be trying to restore America’s shipbuilding industry by making it the best in the world. We’re trying to save it through protectionism. The thinking seems to be: We can protect our mediocre industries by walling ourselves off from the world. That’s a recipe for national decline.

Related Articles

John Lawrence: Uncle Sam wants you … to rat on national parks that reflect true history

David Mastio: Democrats will regret their Epstein Files glee

Bret Stephens: Mamdani for mayor (if you want a foil for Republicans)

Mary Ellen Klas: The GOP’s Medicaid cuts have a very convenient timeline

Noah Feldman: The Supreme Court’s silent opinions undermine its legitimacy

The problem is not just Trump. China has been displaying intellectual and innovative vitality for decades and the United States has scarcely mobilized. This country sometimes feels exhausted, gridlocked, as if it has lost its faith in itself and contact with its future.

In the progressive era, America built new institutions like the Food and Drug Administration and the Federal Reserve. During the New Deal, Americans created an alphabet soup of new agencies. By 1949, Americans had created NATO and the precursor to the World Bank. Where are the new institutions fit for today? Government itself is not great at innovation, but for a century, public sector money has been necessary to fuel the fires of creativity — in the United States, in Israel and in China. On that front, America is in retreat.

Can confidence be restored? Of course. Franklin Roosevelt did it and Ronald Reagan did it. Is China’s dominance inevitable? Of course not. Centrally controlled economies are prone to monumental blunders.

But the primary contest is psychological — almost spiritual. Do Americans have faith in the power of the human mind? Are they willing to invest to enlarge the national talent pool? Right now, no. Americans, on the left and the right, have become highly attentive to threat, risk-averse and self-doubting about the national project. What do you do with a country with astounding advantages but that no longer believes in itself?

David Brooks writes a column for the New York Times.

Wendi Ward was working as an attorney in St. Paul when the first Gulf War started in 1990.

Wendi Ward, of St. Paul, pictured here at a St. Paul restaurant on June 20, 2025, died of a pulmonary embolism on Monday, July 14, 2025, at United Hospital in St. Paul. She was 70. (Courtesy of Victoria Fetter)

Ward, the daughter of a Quaker, refused to pay federal taxes as a protest against the war. That act of civil disobedience led to her disbarment, said her brother, Steve Ward of St. Paul’s East Side.

“She still paid state and local taxes, but they disbarred her for not paying her federal taxes,” he said. Eventually, he said, “she looked at all the stuff that she had that was cool – glassware and wool and silk and wood and metal things – and said, ‘You know, I should open a shop.’”

Ward, of St. Paul, died Monday evening of a pulmonary embolism at United Hospital in St. Paul. She was 70.

Thrift store on Randolph Avenue

Ward opened the Practical Goods thrift store on Randolph Avenue in June 2002 “to recycle, build community and offer spiritual resistance in a dismal situation,” she wrote in a history of the store posted on the store’s website. The store, which later moved to the Jax Building in St. Paul’s Lowertown and then to Selby Avenue, offered an extensive selection of kitchen goods, sweaters, baby clothes, wood toys, shoes and blankets.

“She could go through a thrift store and fill a cart with epic stuff for nothing,” Steve Ward said. “She was doing repurpose, reuse, recycle long before anyone else. She saw that a lot of plastic crap didn’t last long, so her store was all practical and durable and well-made.”

Practical Goods sold only goods that were secondhand and made from natural, high-quality fibers.

“We’re determined to stamp out polyester, acrylic, rayon and other materials that do not bio-degrade and therefore harm the environment,” Ward wrote in a post shared on the store’s Facebook page. “We support our local tax base and don’t feed big banks or mine your personal data.”

Ward didn’t own a TV and didn’t own a car for many years, said her niece, Eowyn Ward, of Minneapolis. The shop didn’t start taking credit-card payments until January 2023.

“She was very environmentally conscious,” Eowyn Ward said. “She was concerned about consumption and how if everything comes from a long way away, there are tons of transportation fees and additional costs and additional environmental impact. So she was very focused on small local businesses and natural goods.”

‘You vote with your dollar’

Ward was proud of running an independent business and keeping money in the local economy, Eowyn Ward said.

“She often said things like, ‘You vote with your dollar,’ and ‘Pay attention to where your money is going and what it’s contributing to,’” Eowyn Ward said.

Wendi Ward once wrote a long list of qualities she was looking for in potential customers. Among them: “People with more taste than money. People who like our planet and work to keep it nice. People with opposable thumbs (and an appreciation of the things hands make). People who wear clothes, use dishes, affirm the kinship of all human cultures. People who might dislike living in a world that is a wholly owned subsidiary of Mc-Wal-Cola.”

In a list of “intangibles” explaining why supporting small businesses is good for neighborhoods, Ward included her thoughts on credit-card debt, overconsumption and overpackaging. She also wrote: “We have a potty, and you can use it.”

“She loved keeping humor into her dissent,” Eowyn Ward said. “She wasn’t the kind of person who was always furious and angry and just bitter about life. She was like, ‘Let’s not do that.’”

‘Moral obligation’

There were financial repercussions from her disbarment, and Ward often would say that she was “intentionally living in poverty because of the practices of our government,” Eowyn Ward said. “She believed that she was making that choice out of moral obligation. She intentionally wanted to do what was best rather than what was easy.”

Ward grew up in St. Peter, Moose Lake and Duluth. She graduated from Gustavus Adolphus College in St. Peter in 1976. In 1982, she graduated from William Mitchell College of Law in St. Paul.

Ward loved playing Scrabble, writing in her journal, rescuing cats and singing soprano, family and friends said.

“She studied voice with a famous Scottish instructor, and was delighted when she was invited to go to Edinburgh just before Brexit,” said longtime friend Victoria Fetter of Milwaukee, Wis. “She had many musician friends. At her holiday parties, Wendi would come in bearing a boar’s head on a platter, and singing the ‘Boar’s Head Carol.’ Trifle and other traditional English desserts were served to the guests.”

For many years, Ward was a regular attendee of the Renaissance Festival, where she sold her handmade jewelry, which was made of bone, stone, glass, metal, natural gemstones and leather – “rather than plastics and other types of jewelry components,” Eowyn Ward said.

Transportation choices

Ward objected to having a car for many years, but later in life needed one due to her health, her niece said.

She often rode Metro Transit’s Route 74 and utilized HOURCARs located at 46th Street Station and nearby Macalester College, writer Bill Lindeke wrote in an article about Ward headlined “In Praise of Bricks and Mortar,” published in June 2012.

“I’ve saved a lot of money but there are lots of other benefits,” Ward told Lindeke as she traveled to a rummage sale. “I live along a snow-emergency route, and I’ve never once had to shovel my car out of the snow.”

Ward required that everything sold at Practical Goods be “actually useful in your everyday life,” according to Lindeke.

“She will happily explain to you, for example, the difference between a corn pot, a soup pot, and a stock pot, why rubber boots are great for puddles, or how to use a mill-style coffee grinder,” he wrote.

Related Articles

Review: Yacht Club festival kicks off second year with energetic Friday lineup

St. Paul to host 2028 Transplant Games

St. Paul: Northern Iron Foundry files second lawsuit against MPCA

St. Paul Fire Chief Butch Inks appointed to second term

Man ‘randomly struck,’ wounded by gunshot fired outside his St. Paul home

‘No-haggling policy’

There was a strict “no-haggling” policy at the shop, Steve Ward said.

“Prices were fixed because she was an independent business person already taking a hit on everything,” he said. “She barely broke even for years. But she wanted things to go to a good home, to somebody who wanted or needed that thing, or would cherish it as a thing, rather than buy a cheap plastic crap from China, and throw it out a year later.

“There are plenty of people out there that have stuff that they bought at Wendi’s ten years ago that they’re still using,” he said.

A private family memorial is planned. A public celebration of Ward’s life will be held at a future date; anyone interested in attending should e-mail WendiWardS@gmail.com.

Crescent Tide Funeral & Cremation in St. Paul is handling arrangements.

Are you having a rough day at work and want to escape to your “happy place” – a look at Devils Lake or Lake of the Woods, perhaps, or a scenic view of Upper Red Lake?

Or, maybe you want to zoom in on a bald eagle nest near the Mississippi River somewhere in the Twin Cities, or a peregrine falcon box in downtown St. Paul.

If you’re feeling exotic, you might even check out a panda bear cub playing with its mother in China.

A whole world of natural wonders awaits – and it’s just a mouse click away.

Webcams have opened windows to the natural world that few people could have imagined just a couple of decades ago. Pick a spot, and chances are a webcam is available nearby.

Providing, of course, there’s internet access and a source of power.

Eagles and peregrines

The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources’ bald eagle and peregrine falcon webcams, available through the agency’s Nongame Wildlife Program, are among the most popular offerings in the state. In addition, the DNR operates webcams showing the Mississippi River Headwaters at Itasca State Park and a view of Upper Red Lake from atop the 100-foot lookout tower at Big Bog State Recreation Area in Waskish, Minn., to name just a couple.

The webcams are a big hit with people, says Lori Naumann, information officer for the DNR’s Nongame Wildlife Program in St. Paul. Naumann has extensive experience with the technology through her work with the bald eagle and peregrine falcon webcams.

That popularity was especially apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic, Naumann says. The webcams provided an escape for people stuck inside and away from friends and family.

The onset of the pandemic shutdown in March 2020 coincided with eagle chicks hatching on the EagleCam, and its popularity “just exploded,” Naumann says.

“There were so many people from literally around the world watching,” she said. “We had data from 180 different countries in the world that had logged in to watch the camera.

“That doesn’t mean they were watching all season or for a long time, but those were the IP addresses that came back.”

Related Articles

St. Paul: Northern Iron Foundry files second lawsuit against MPCA

MN Sen. Nicole Mitchell found guilty of two felony counts in burglary trial

Minnesota musicians enter the Yacht Club Festival with high hopes

Minnesota jobs data flat in June, 800 net jobs lost, unemployment at 3.3%

Through tears, Sen. Nicole Mitchell testifies in her burglary trial

By year’s end, more than 1.9 million users had checked out the DNR’s EagleCam, including 1.8 million new users, Naumann said. There were more than 11.1 million sessions, she says, meaning people signed on that many times to watch the eagle nest.

“We have a lot of classrooms around the world that watch,” she said. “I’ve gotten photos from Vietnam. A teacher from Winona, Minnesota, was teaching over there, and she sent me photos of her third- and fourth-graders watching the camera in Vietnam.

“It was pretty cool.”

Health benefits

Research has shown that spending time outdoors and being out in nature has benefits for both physical and mental health. Nature webcams, Naumann says, also provide mental health benefits.

“Nature cameras make nature accessible to people who are not able to get outside, and during the pandemic, a lot of us weren’t going outside,” she said. “But also, for people who don’t have access to the outdoors for whatever reason, (the EagleCam) has brought in a lot of new fans – people who had no idea what eagles do and how they behave.”

Also fascinating, Naumann says, is how invested people get in the lives of these birds.

Too invested, in some cases.

Such was the case a few years ago, when an eagle chick, smaller and weaker than its siblings, was struggling in the nest. The older chicks would pick on the younger one, bopping it in the head as they competed for food, Naumann recalls, much to the dismay of some webcam viewers.

People expected the DNR to go up and rescue the chick, she says. When the department said it wouldn’t do that, feathers flew.

“People got really, really upset, and my phone was ringing off the hook,” Naumann said. “They started calling the commissioner’s office, and then they threatened to call the governor’s office.”

Long story short, the DNR commissioner at the time decided to avoid governor intervention and sent a bucket truck to the site to rescue the chick, which had a broken wing and had to be euthanized at the Raptor Center in St. Paul.

When a similar situation occurred the next year, Naumann was bracing herself for the worst.

“I was like, ‘Oh no, not again,’” she said. “The little chick was struggling, and people were starting to send in emails and make phone calls.”

Then, one day, the nesting female turned her back to the camera so people couldn’t see what was going on.

“When she moved away, there were only two chicks,” Naumann said. “She fed that struggling chick to the other two, and that was really important nutrition for those birds. And so, we were able to use that as a message to tell people ‘Hey, last year when we removed that chick, we removed a really important source of food, even though it’s hard to watch.’”

Iconic image

The DNR’s EagleCam also captured one of the most iconic webcam images ever in late February 2023, when the incubating female remained in the nest during a blizzard.

She was buried in snow up to her neck.

“It was just this mountain of snow,” Naumann said. “They use that snow as insulation, and so they’ll just kind of tuck their head down underneath. They get covered with snow, and in the morning, she just kind of lifted her head up and shook her head a little bit. She had snow all the way up to her neck.”

The image went viral, and Naumann had calls from numerous news agencies, including Reuters, CBS and NBC.

“People who don’t live in Minnesota are just floored by that,” she said. “I don’t have numbers, but that photo was everywhere.”

On April 2, 2023, as the DNR was working on plans to commemorate the EagleCam’s 10-year anniversary, the nest collapsed in a heavy spring snowfall, and the chick, which was barely a week old, didn’t survive, Naumann says.

It took Naumann more than a year to find a suitable nest site for a replacement EagleCam, which was installed Oct. 7, 2024.

Nature can be quirky, though, and the eagles decided to set up in a different nest about 300 yards away, which isn’t visible from the webcam, Naumann says.

This spring, a mallard hen decided to set up shop on the EagleCam nest, essentially making it a mallard cam, instead. The hen laid eight eggs, and when she laid the last one and started incubating, eight ducklings appeared 28 days later – right on schedule, Naumann says.

Eagles carried off four of the ducklings – a grisly webcam sight – but four of them made it.

Without the webcam, Naumann says she wouldn’t have known that a mallard would nest 70 feet off the ground.

Still, the DNR would prefer to see eagles at the site.

“We’re hoping if we leave the camera on, that hopefully the eagles will come back to the nest because eagles do build alternate nests,” Naumann said. “It’s pretty common for them to do that so that if there’s a disturbance or some sort of problem with one, they can go to the other and vice-versa.”

The other option is moving the webcam to the new site.

Related Articles

Minnesota DNR seeks input on special fishing regulation proposals

Wisconsin woman injured in black bear attack

Hitting a rock brings Manitoba fishing trip to a grinding halt

Skywatch: Lyra weaves quite a tale

Best campground in the US, according to camping app

“But then, are they going to take off again? Nature is very unpredictable,” Naumann said.

The EagleCam also is a funding source for the Nongame Wildlife Program that otherwise wouldn’t be available, since donations fund the program, Naumann says.

“It has been good because people start to recognize all of the other good things that our Nongame Wildlife Program does for the rare and vulnerable species in Minnesota,” she said.

Labor intensive

While the cameras are “not all that expensive” – generally less than about $3,000 – it takes a lot of staff time and expertise to operate the webcams, Naumann says.

“People call all the time and say, ‘Hey, can we put a camera up?’” she said. “They can put up a camera if they want to, but if they want it to go live and be as popular as our camera is, once they find out all that’s involved, it just doesn’t happen.

“That’s why you don’t see that many of them, because it really does take a lot of time and effort to make it work.”

Bottom line, the cameras that are out there provide not only education, but peace of mind, Naumann says.

“It’s just so fun,” she said. “You can see that it really does help your mental health, just watching these cameras. And then hopefully, it will encourage people to get outside and see things like this in real life.”

Other outdoorsy webcams

Here are links to a few other outdoors-related webcams in the region:

— Devils Lake internet provider NDTC offers webcams to downtown Devils Lake, the Lakewood boat ramp on Devils Lake and the communities of Harvey, Rugby, New Rockford, Tolna and Cando. On the web: gondtc.com/webcams

— Woodland Resort on Devils Lake’s Creel Bay also offers a live webcam of the resort’s boat ramp at woodlandresort.com/live-webcam.

— The city of East Grand Forks, Minn., has a webcam offering a view of the Red River near the railroad bridge. On the web: floodcamera.egf.mn/floodcam

— Several resorts on Lake of the Woods offer webcams, including Arnesen’s Rocky Point Resort, Morris Point Lake View Lodge, Border View Lodge, Young’s Bay Resort/Edge Riders cam and Flag Island Resort. A full directory is available on the Lake of the Woods Tourism website at lakeofthewoodsmn.com.

— Ely, Minn.: A webcam at Fall Lake, the gateway to the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, is available at packsackcanoetrips.com/webcam.

Today is Saturday, July 19, the 200th day of 2025. There are 165 days left in the year.

Today in history:

On July 19, 1848, the first “Convention to discuss the social, civil and religious condition and rights of Woman” convened at the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls, N.Y.

Also on this date:

In 1812, during the War of 1812, the First Battle of Sackets Harbor in Lake Ontario resulted in an American victory as U.S. naval forces repelled a British attack.

Related Articles

The owner of the Tennessee factory where workers drowned after Hurricane Helene won’t face charges

Fashion startup founder charged with $300 million fraud

Transgender woman sues Princeton for ‘humiliating’ removal from track meet

Lawyer argues Call of Duty maker can’t be held responsible for actions of Uvalde, Texas, shooter

NYC pawn shop owner pleads guilty to his role in burglary of NFL star Joe Burrow’s home and others

In 1969, Apollo 11 and its astronauts, Neil Armstrong, Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin and Michael Collins, went into orbit around the moon.

In 1975, the Apollo and Soyuz space capsules that were linked in orbit for two days separated.

In 1979, the Nicaraguan capital of Managua fell to Sandinista guerrillas, two days after President Anastasio Somoza fled the country.

In 1980, the Moscow Summer Olympics began, minus dozens of nations that were boycotting the games because of Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan.

In 1989, 111 people were killed when United Air Lines Flight 232, a DC-10 which sustained the uncontained failure of its tail engine and the loss of hydraulic systems, crashed while making an emergency landing at Sioux City, Iowa; 185 other people survived.

In 1990, baseball’s all-time hits leader, Pete Rose, was sentenced in Cincinnati to five months in prison for tax evasion.

In 1993, President Bill Clinton announced a policy allowing gays to serve in the military under a compromise dubbed “don’t ask, don’t tell, don’t pursue.”

In 2006, prosecutors reported that Chicago police beat, kicked, shocked or otherwise tortured scores of Black suspects from the 1970s to the early 1990s to try to extract confessions from them.

In 2005, President George W. Bush announced his choice of federal appeals court judge John G. Roberts Jr. to replace Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor. (Roberts ended up succeeding Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, who died in Sept. 2005; Samuel Alito followed O’Connor.)

In 2013, in a rare and public reflection on race, President Barack Obama called on the nation to do some soul searching over the death of Trayvon Martin and the acquittal of his shooter, George Zimmerman, saying the slain Black teenager “could have been me 35 years ago.”

In 2018, a duck boat packed with tourists capsized and sank in high winds on a lake in the tourist town of Branson, Missouri, killing 17 people.

In 2021, Paul Allard Hodgkins, a Florida man who breached the U.S. Senate chamber on Jan. 6, 2021, carrying a Trump campaign flag, received an eight-month prison term in the first resolution of a felony case arising from the U.S. Capitol insurrection. (In 2025, President Donald Trump pardoned, commuted the prison sentences or vowed to dismiss the cases of all 1,500-plus people charged with crimes in the riot.)

In 2022, Britain shattered its record for the highest temperature ever registered amid a heat wave that seared swaths of Europe.

Today’s Birthdays:

Civil rights activist and educator Rachel Robinson, widow of baseball’s Jackie Robinson, is 103.
Blues singer-musician Little Freddie King is 85.
Singer-musician Alan Gorrie (Average White Band) is 79.
International Tennis Hall of Famer Ilie Nastase is 79.
Rock musician Brian May (Queen) is 78.
Rock musician Bernie Leadon is 78.
Movie director Abel Ferrara is 74.
Movie director Atom Egoyan is 65.
Actor Campbell Scott is 64.
Actor Anthony Edwards is 63.
Ukrainian politician and former boxing champion Vitali Klitschko is 54.
Actor Benedict Cumberbatch is 49.
TV chef Marcela Valladolid is 47.
Actor Trai Byers (TV: “Empire”) is 42.