Tribunales y jueces falsos: solicitantes de asilo explican estafas para aprovecharse de inmigrantes

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Durante una audiencia del Concejo de la ciudad, inmigrantes y defensores compartieron historias de fraude en procesos migratorios, gran parte de estos se lleva a cabo a través de las redes sociales.

Christian, quien no dio su apellido por temor a ser perseguido por el gobierno federal, relató el martes en una audiencia del Concejo de la ciudad de Nueva York cómo fue estafado realizando trámites de inmigración. (Screenshot from NY City Council hearing webcast)

Este artículo se publicó originalmente en inglés el 17 de abril. Traducido por Daniel Parra. Read the English version here.

Durante una audiencia del Concejo de la ciudad de Nueva York sobre el fraude en los servicios y procesos de inmigración, un solicitante de asilo testificó sobre cómo había sido engañado por alguien que decía ser su abogado. 

“Estaba desesperado por encontrar a alguien que me ayudara a solicitar asilo”, dijo Christian durante la audiencia conjunta de los comités de inmigración y de protección de los consumidores y los trabajadores del Concejo. (Christian, junto con otros inmigrantes que testificaron, sólo dieron su nombre de pila por temor a represalias de las agencias del gobierno federal).

La persona que se había hecho pasar por su abogado, dijo él, no sólo le cobró dinero —que es una práctica común entre las personas que estafan a inmigrantes— sino que también falsificó documentos, como notificaciones, e incluso organizó una audiencia judicial falsa a través de Google Meet.

“Recuerdo que me dijo que vistiera formalmente”, dijo Christian.

El día de la falsa audiencia virtual, dijo él, apareció un juez falso, vestido con una toga negra. Afortunadamente para Christian, no se conectó solo. Un estudiante de derecho que había estado ayudandolo con otros asuntos le acompañó durante la audiencia virtual.

Christian cuenta que, al final de la falsa audiencia, el juez le dijo en español que tendría que pagar algo más de $5.000 dólares en los próximos ocho días o, de lo contrario, el pago exigido ascendería a $25.000 dólares. El estudiante de derecho avisó de la estafa a los abogados de la Legal Aid Society, que intervinieron y la detuvieron.

Christian fue uno de los varios inmigrantes que declararon haber sido víctimas de fraude en procesos migratorios. Esto puede incluir estafas relacionadas con servicios legales por parte de quienes son y no son abogados, así como traductores o proveedores de otros servicios como los notarios en los Estados Unidos, quienes no son expertos legales y se aprovechan de las personas que asumen que quienes dirigen los servicios notariales son abogados, como ocurre en muchos países hispanohablantes. Pero ese no es el caso.

“En el último año han aumentado las denuncias de fraude en los servicios de inmigración en Nueva York, y los defensores de los inmigrantes no han dejado de dar la voz de alarma sobre estas crecientes amenazas”, dijo la concejal Alexa Avilés, presidenta del comité de Inmigración del Concejo. “A menudo, el fraude en los servicios de inmigración se vuelve más rampante en períodos en los que aumenta la demanda de servicios legales”.

Las concejales Shahana Hanif y Julie Won han presentado proyectos de ley contra el fraude para estos servicios. El proyecto de ley de Hanif, Intro 205, educaría al público sobre los esquemas fraudulentos perpetrados por los proveedores de servicios legales de inmigración. El de Won, Intro 980, aumentaría las penas para las primeras y subsiguientes violaciones. 

El Departamento de Protección al Consumidor y al Trabajador (DCWP por sus siglas en inglés), que maneja los casos de fraude civil en la ciudad, dijo que las quejas presentadas sobre los proveedores de servicios de inmigración han aumentado en los últimos tres años, con 23 quejas en 2022, 36 en 2023 y 46 en 2024.

Durante la audiencia del Concejo, la comisionada del DCWP, Vilda Vera Mayuga, dijo que el departamento ha “intensificado” las investigaciones contra las agencias de empleo y los proveedores de servicios de inmigración.

El DCWP dijo que recientemente había inspeccionado a casi 500 empresas que anunciaban servicios de inmigración o servicios relacionados, y emitió más de 60 citaciones.

“Observamos lo que está ocurriendo en estos momentos y sabemos que, desde el cambio de administración en Washington, éste es un ámbito en el que debemos centrarnos”, afirmó Mayuga. 

Desde enero, explicó el departamento, el DCWP ha recibido ocho quejas, la mayoría de ellas relacionadas con profesionales no autorizados.

El DCWP realiza inspecciones sobre el terreno en respuesta a las quejas, y las investigaciones pueden dar lugar a citaciones ante la Oficina de Juicios y Audiencias Administrativas de la ciudad. Los funcionarios del DCWP reconocen que perseguir a los proveedores de servicios de inmigración y agencias de empleo fraudulentas sigue siendo un reto constante. 

“Debido a su naturaleza clandestina, muchos operan desde escaparates temporales, residencias, aplicaciones de mensajería instantánea o plataformas en línea, para desaparecer después de recibir el pago de un consumidor”, explicó Mayuga.

Christian, por ejemplo, encontró a alguien que se hacía pasar por abogado en Facebook. Le dijo por mensajes de WhatsApp que podía ayudarle con su caso por $1.750 dólares, que él pagó.

Más tarde, recibió lo que más tarde determinó que era un aviso de recibo falso, con un sello de aspecto oficial.

El recibo falso tenía “algunos errores gramaticales en inglés”, explicó Deborah Lee, abogada encargada de la unidad de derecho de inmigración de Legal Aid Society. Además, “se habían olvidado de traducir partes al inglés”, dijo.

Sin embargo, parecía lo suficientemente oficial como para engañar a muchos solicitantes de asilo, dijo Lee, que ha estado llevando el caso desde que el estudiante de derecho lo refirió. “A primera vista, sobre todo si no eres un hablante nativo de inglés o un lector, no necesariamente serías capaz de pillarlo”, dijo.

Lee añadió que era la primera vez que veían este tipo de audiencias judiciales fabricadas, mientras que el DCWP reconoció que no habían recibido quejas que detallaran audiencias de inmigración falsas en el pasado.

“Nunca habíamos visto algo de esta magnitud”, dijo Lee.

Durante la audiencia del Concejo, los defensores señalaron que, dado que muchas de estas estafas tienen lugar en las redes sociales, son más difíciles de castigar para los funcionarios municipales, porque no hay locales físicos que inspeccionar.

Lee y otros defensores advirtieron que los estafadores también están creando lo que parecen ser sitios web fraudulentos o alternativos relacionados con agencias de inmigración. Algunos, explicó Lee, parecen un sitio de un tribunal de inmigración, mientras que otros se parecen a un rastreador de solicitudes del USCIS, “pero es sólo una web privada”.

Cuando Avilés preguntó sobre las estafas realizadas a través de las redes sociales, Mayuga respondió que el DCWP confía en que los denunciantes confirmen la información que proporcionan y ayuden a identificar a la persona que está detrás de la cuenta.

Otros funcionarios del DCWP reconocieron que las redes sociales no hacen sino exacerbar el aspecto clandestino de este problema y subrayaron la importancia de medidas preventivas como la educación. Mayuga dijo que el departamento está llevando a cabo una campaña de educación digital a través de redes sociales para educar a los neoyorquinos sobre las protecciones relacionadas con los proveedores de servicios de inmigración. En los últimos tres años, el DCWP ha coordinado un día de acción en toda la ciudad y ha celebrado 600 actos de divulgación centrados en inmigrantes.

Tanto los defensores como los funcionarios municipales reconocieron la reticencia de las comunidades inmigrantes a presentar denuncias por miedo a la interacción con el gobierno, pero recordaron a la gente que terceras personas, como familiares, amigos o personas de organizaciones comunitarias, pueden presentarlas, incluso de forma anónima. Las quejas pueden presentarse llamando al 311, en la dirección nyc.gov/Consumers o en la Oficina de la Fiscal General de Nueva York, en la dirección ag.ny.gov/file-complaint o llamando al 1-800-771-7755. (Un portavoz de la oficina del fiscal general explicó que pueden emprender acciones civiles contra particulares o empresas que cometan fraudes a gran escala contra las comunidades inmigrantes).

El jefe de gabinete de Won, Nick Gulotta, testificando a título personal como alguien que ha trabajado en este asunto por años, recomendó hacer una “lista de los peores” para este asunto, o la creación de una base de datos sobre fraudes.

“Es una gran idea”, animó Avilés. “Me gustaría llamarla ‘lista de la vergüenza’”.

Para ponerse en contacto con el reportero de esta noticia, escriba a Daniel@citylimits.org. Para ponerse en contacto con la editora, escriba a Jeanmarie@citylimits.org.

The post Tribunales y jueces falsos: solicitantes de asilo explican estafas para aprovecharse de inmigrantes appeared first on City Limits.

What Happened This Week in NYC Housing?

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Each Friday, City Limits rounds up the latest news on housing, land use and homelessness. Catch up on what you might have missed here.

Andrew Cuomo giving his speech resigning as governor in August 2021.

Welcome to “What Happened in NYC Housing This Week?” where we compile the latest local news about housing, land use and homelessness. Know of a story we should include in next week’s roundup? Email us.

ICYMI, from City Limits:

“We’ve already received reports of denials [of housing applications] based on conviction records, highlighting the urgent need for proactive education that a properly funded CCHR could provide. Without sufficient resources, the CCHR’s inability to effectively educate and enforce the FCHA will have dire consequences.” Read the oped here.

“It’s clear we need to prove to New Yorkers that new housing in their neighborhoods will strengthen communities. We can do so by passing the Faith-Based Affordable Housing Act. Under this bill, churches, synagogues, mosques and other faith-based institutions would be able to override local zoning rules to construct affordable housing on their underused land.” Read the oped here.

“Supportive housing offers on-site services like psychiatric care, medication management and case management — services that are essential for keeping residents housed long-term. SROs are a cost-effective, scalable model that could provide immediate relief for those who desperately need a stable place to live.” Read the oped here.

ICYMI, from other local newsrooms:

Mayoral candidate Andrew Cuomo’s housing plan released on Saturday is “fairly unremarkable” except for the garbled part about appointing “Rent Guidelines Board members who will make decisions bbjectively” (sic) that appears to have been written with the help of ChatGPT, Hell Gate reports. (Cuomo’s staff blames faulty voice recognition software.)

Even after 64 New York City Housing Authority employees were arrested on charges of taking cash bribes from vendors for public housing repairs, companies that participated in the bribery conspiracy are continuing to rake in millions of dollars of NYCHA contracts, The City reports.

Fines for landlord-hired real estate brokers who charge tenants fees in violation of the city’s new ban set to go into effect in June would be far less than brokers stand to make on the fees themselves, which makes for “not much of a deterrent,” Curbed reports.

The Trump administration is considering slashing Section 8 and other federal housing vouchers — which currently aid 2.3 million low-income families, and are only a fraction of what’s needed — and replacing them with “a more limited system of housing grants,” The New York Times reports.

The post What Happened This Week in NYC Housing? appeared first on City Limits.

Other voices: The federal financial cop is off the beat

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When the financial markets go wild, investors naturally want to know, “What’s next?” Unfortunately, one answer turns out to be true every time: Brace yourself for a big upswing in financial fraud.

Market volatility and economic uncertainty combine to make everyone more vulnerable to fraud, from expert traders to regular folks who rarely think about their portfolios except when fear is on the rise.

At the same time, investment scams have become more sophisticated. Artificial intelligence and other cutting-edge technology make them harder to spot and easier to implement on a large scale. The stakes are higher than ever.

The Federal Trade Commission last month announced that Americans reported $5.7 billion in losses from investment fraud in 2024, up 24% from the prior year. The increase was driven not from an uptick in the number of fraud cases, but rather from crime paying off at a higher rate. Last year, 38% of those reporting fraud said they had been cheated out of their money, up from 27% in 2023 who said the scams they’d experienced had cost them.

This year could be a lot worse than 2024, not least because Uncle Sam is letting down its guard. From Day One of his second term, President Donald Trump has targeted federal watchdogs responsible for protecting consumers.

Through Elon Musk’s Department of Government Efficiency, the Trump administration has set out to dismantle the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. While this page supports the goal of cutting red tape and saving tax dollars, every American should be aware that the CFPB, now sidelined, has recovered over $20 billion in financial relief for U.S. consumers since Congress launched it after the 2008 market crash.

DOGE operatives also have pushed for mass firings at the Internal Revenue Service, an agency with a strong consumer-protection mandate that provides a huge return on every dollar the government invests in running it. Slashing its workforce, as the Trump administration has set out to do, makes zero budget sense and encourages criminal behavior.

Similarly, the administration has redirected federal law-enforcement agencies away from prosecuting financial predators to focus on its immigration crackdown and other Trump priorities. The Justice Department recently disclosed that it has disbanded its cryptocurrency fraud unit, for instance, even though scams using crypto as a payment method are on the rise.

Earlier this month, as his tariff fiasco roiled financial markets, President Donald Trump declared, “This is a great time to get rich, richer than ever before.” It would be true to form if criminals were among those most eagerly taking Trump at his word.

A recent scam in Wisconsin began when dozens of unsuspecting households were told their bank accounts had been hacked.

Posing as federal agents, the scamsters goaded one older office worker into emptying her accounts of more than $400,000, using the funds to buy gold bars, then handing over the precious metal to a “courier” for supposed safekeeping. The victim alertly wrote down the license plate of the alleged courier, who was swiftly arrested, and has since been ordered to pay restitution.

If anyone reaches out unexpectedly, claiming to be a person in authority, saying you must quickly hand over money, don’t do it. Refuse to provide financial information in response to an unexpected request. Resist the pressure to turn over funds on the spot via wire transfers, payment apps, gift cards, cryptocurrency or, of course, gold bars.

Perhaps more than ever in its modern history, America is headed toward a government that won’t do much more to help consumers beyond the traditional warning of “Buyer Beware.” So take that warning to heart, and especially in these uncertain times, be on guard for criminals who want to separate you from your hard-earned savings.

— The Chicago Tribune

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Noah Feldman: Here is Harvard’s best argument against funding cuts

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Harvard University is betting everything on the rule of law. Standing up to President Donald Trump and refusing to accede to unlawful conditions on federal funding is the right thing to do. It’s necessary to defend academic freedom and the future of all American universities as global leaders in the pursuit of truth.

But for the effort to succeed, it’s not enough for Harvard to be right. The legal battle that is just starting will be every bit as important as the strong stand that the university’s president, Alan Garber, laid out in an open letter on Monday.

The courts need to confirm that Trump can’t just cut off funds from universities he doesn’t like on his say-so. Then the Trump administration has to follow the law as laid down by the courts. Yet the path of the law is always full of pitfalls. That’s especially true at this moment, when the Trump administration has been coming dangerously close to open defiance of judicial orders, and the Supreme Court may be heading toward of a direct confrontation with the president.

So what happens next? The first step will be for Harvard — my own university, where I’ve been a professor since 2007 — to go to federal court and ask a judge to order the administration not to freeze $2.2 billion in federal grants to the university, as it announced it was doing on Monday.

Harvard can make several strong legal arguments against the Trump administration’s actions, as were foreshadowed in the letter to the administration sent by Harvard’s lawyers. The strongest, legally speaking, is that Trump cannot rely on Title VI of the Civil Rights Act to cut the funding. The administration has seemed to be doing exactly that, accusing Harvard of tolerating anti-Semitism on campus and stating in its own letter to the University that federal funding “depends on Harvard upholding civil rights laws.”

Title VI says that, before the government can cut funding to a university for violating the anti-discrimination provision, there must be hearing before an independent decision-maker (such as a judge) that concludes the statute was actually violated. That hasn’t happened. To the extent the Trump administration is relying on Title VI, therefore, its freeze is illegal.

The administration won’t be able to convince a court that it can cut funds based on Title VI without following the statute’s required procedure. So it is all but certain to claim that in fact it isn’t relying on Title VI to freeze the funding, whatever it may have previously said. Instead, it will assert some vaguer and more general basis, such as that funding Harvard is not the administration’s priority.

There is a technical argument that Harvard could and should make against this kind of general assertion: that the freeze is arbitrary and capricious, hence in violation of the federal Administrative Procedure Act. Lawsuits challenging Trump administration cuts in grant funding by other agencies, such as the Department Health and Human Services, have made analogous arguments. They have some chance of success. In essence, the APA requires an executive agency to have defensible reasons for its actions. The legal question then becomes whether the Trump administration’s proffered reasons would count.

However, the most resonant, principled argument Harvard can make about the cuts — one it emphasized in its lawyers’ letter — is that the Trump freeze violates Harvard’s First Amendment rights. In essence, Harvard is saying, Trump is trying to condition federal funding on the university speaking the way he wants it to. That’s called an “unconstitutional condition.” The government can’t take away some benefit to which you are entitled on the condition you give up a constitutional right like free speech.

The Trump administration’s demand letter calls, among other things, for an independent auditor to review all Harvard departments to assure “viewpoint diversity.” Such an audit could require Harvard to hire faculty who say specific things the Trump administration wants to have said. That sure sounds like an unconstitutional condition.

Harvard can also deepen its First Amendment argument by saying that the Trump administration has targeted it for speech that took place on campus. That, too, violates the university’s free speech.

Finally, the university can argue that it has a free-association right to admit the students that it wants, consistent with the law — notably the Supreme Court’s decision in 2023’s Students for Fair Admission v. Harvard. The Trump administration’s letter tells Harvard to admit students based on viewpoint diversity, which could also count as First Amendment violation.

The federal courts will have to consider these claims. The issues are almost sure to reach the US Supreme Court, maybe more than once. All universities will be watching closely. The rest of the country should, too.

Noah Feldman is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist. A professor of law at Harvard University, he is author, most recently, of “To Be a Jew Today: A New Guide to God, Israel, and the Jewish People.”

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