Amy Lindgren

Second Sunday Series — This is the seventh of 12 columns on career planning post-60, which will appear the second Sunday of each month from September through August.

We’ve been talking since September about different aspects of career planning for the post-60 years; now it’s time to start researching for the kinds of work you might want to do as you grow older.

The goal is to find information, of course, but also to support an element of strategy in your thinking. At a senior age (whatever that might mean), you want to avoid false starts and maximize the “return” on your career choices, which timely research can help you do.

We’ll start by looking at categories and levels of career research, before taking a closer look at one process that’s particularly effective for senior workers: Informational interviewing.

1. Categories of career research

While not definitive, I find the following categories helpful when organizing my own research on a particular line of work.

• Sector. Sectors are broad areas of our economy, such as health care or manufacturing. For individual workers (as opposed to economists), relevant questions might focus on the health of a chosen sector in a particular geographic area. For example, is health care healthy in Minnesota?

• Industry. Industries are slices of sectors. For example, dentistry and pharmaceuticals are part of the health care sector. Workers trying to choose an area of health care might compare different industries for overall growth and opportunity. Which is doing better in Minnesota: Dentistry or pharmaceuticals?

• Profession or role. Professions or roles are types of work in an industry. Dental assistants, front desk receptionists and dental equipment sales are professions or roles in the dentistry industry. Workers interested in dentistry might research the variety of jobs in the field, the education needed for different roles, or areas more likely to have part-time options.

• Company. Companies operate within industries and / or professions. Once a worker has selected a role, it’s time to identify the organizations that use that kind of worker. The top choices can then be researched more deeply for issues such as location or growth opportunities.

• Job. Except for the very smallest organization, companies consist of multiple jobs or roles. Having chosen a place of interest, the worker might delve into specifics: What jobs are available, what are the duties and pay?

Note that I’ve presented these categories from biggest-to-smallest, starting with the broad sector and cascading down to actual jobs one might perform. While this approach implies you’re starting from scratch, it’s more likely you already have several ideas. If so, start your research with the most relevant category. As a guideline, research your initial questions, then extend to encompass a bit more, to guard against being too narrow.

2. Levels of career research

Now to describe three levels or stages of career research, which are different from the categories. When I break down the process this way, I’ll usually illustrate it with an upside-down triangle, divided into three horizontal “slices.”

In this visual, the biggest section of the triangle appears first, at the top. This represents broad-scale, general research. This big-picture information is relatively easy to find, usually with an internet search on government web sites such as ONetOnline.org or CareerOneStop.org.

The second horizontal swath, in the middle of the triangle, represents customized person-to-person inquiry. Having learned what you can from online sources, you now can talk with people in the fields you are considering — a process usually called informational interviewing.

The final section of the triangle, the tippy point it’s standing on, represents experiential discovery. While not everyone needs or uses this level of research, it’s often helpful to “try on” a career through volunteering, internships, apprenticeships and other hands-on experiences.

3. Informational interviewing

Informational interviewing is one of the most effective ways to gain localized, customized and personalized information about a career path you are considering. When you talk to people in the field you’re exploring, you can get the direct answers you need to make better-informed choices.

For example, you might ask general questions such as, “Can you describe a typical day?” but also personal questions such as, “I have caretaking duties that keep me at part-time; is that realistic for this work?”

There are scores of books and online articles on this process, so you won’t lack for guidance. But one thing you might not realize is just how tailor-made and effective informational interviewing is for senior workers. Not only do seniors know more people to talk with, but they’ve built long-term and intensive relationships with other folks who can be good referral points to informational interviews.

In the end, whatever research process you use, you’ll benefit. Research is the engine for career path planning, providing you with information, confidence in your decision, and important networking contacts. These are essential elements for career resilience, which will carry you through any challenges you encounter on your path.

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Amy Lindgren owns a career consulting firm in St. Paul. She can be reached at alindgren@prototypecareerservice.com.

By Paula Span, KFF Health News

Tamar Abrams had a lousy couple of years in 2022 and ’23. Both her parents died; a relationship ended; she retired from communications consulting. She moved from Arlington, Virginia, to Warren, Rhode Island, where she knew all of two people.

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“I was kind of a mess,” recalled Abrams, 69. Trying to cope, “I was eating myself into oblivion.” As her weight hit 270 pounds and her blood pressure, cholesterol and blood glucose levels climbed, “I knew I was in trouble health-wise.”

What came to mind? “Oh, oh, oh, Ozempic!” — the tuneful ditty from television commercials that promoted the GLP-1 medication for diabetes. The ads also pointed out that patients who took it lost weight.

Abrams remembered the commercials as “joyful” and sometimes found herself humming the jingle. They depicted Ozempic-takers cooking omelets, repairing bikes, playing pickleball — “doing everyday activities, but with verve,” she said. “These people were enjoying the hell out of life.”

So, just as such ads often urge, even though she had never been diagnosed with diabetes, she asked her doctor if Ozempic was right for her.

Small wonder Abrams recalled those ads. Novo Nordisk, which manufactures Ozempic, spent an estimated $180 million in direct-to-consumer advertising in 2022 and $189 million in 2023, according to MediaRadar, which monitors advertising.

By last year, the sum — including radio and TV commercials, billboards, and print and digital ads — had reached an estimated $201 million, and total spending on direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs topped $9 billion, by MediaRadar’s calculations.

Novo Nordisk declined to address those numbers.

Should it be legal to market drugs directly to potential patients? This controversy, which has simmered for decades, has begun receiving renewed attention from both the Trump administration and legislators.

The question has particular relevance for older adults, who contend with more medical problems than younger people and are more apt to take prescription drugs. “Part of aging is developing health conditions and becoming a target of drug advertising,” said Steven Woloshin, who studies health communication and decision-making at the Dartmouth Institute.

The debate over direct-to-consumer ads dates to 1997, when the FDA loosened restrictions and allowed prescription drug ads on television as long as they included a rapid-fire summary of major risks and provided a source for further information.

“That really opened the door,” said Abby Alpert, a health economist at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

The introduction of Medicare Part D, in 2006, brought “a huge expansion in prescription drug coverage and, as a result, a big increase in pharmaceutical advertising,” Alpert added. A study she co-wrote in 2023 found that pharmaceutical ads were much more prevalent in areas with a high proportion of residents 65 and older.

Industry and academic research have shown that ads influence prescription rates. Patients are more apt to make appointments and request drugs, either by brand name or by category, and doctors often comply. Multiple follow-up visits may ensue.

But does that benefit consumers? Most developed countries take a hard pass. Only New Zealand and, despite the decadelong opposition of the American Medical Association, the United States allow direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising.

Public health advocates argue that such ads encourage the use and overuse of expensive new medications, even when existing, cheaper drugs work as effectively. (Drug companies don’t bother advertising once patents expire and generic drugs become available.)

In a 2023 study in JAMA Network Open, for instance, researchers analyzed the “ therapeutic value” of the drugs most advertised on television, based on the assessments of independent European and Canadian organizations that negotiate prices for approved drugs.

Nearly three-quarters of the top-advertised medications didn’t perform markedly better than older ones, the analysis found.

“Often, really good drugs sell themselves,” said Aaron Kesselheim, senior author of the study and director of the Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law at Harvard University.

“Drugs without added therapeutic value need to be pushed, and that’s what direct-to-consumer advertising does,” he said.

Opponents of a ban on such advertising say it benefits consumers. “It provides information and education to patients, makes them aware of available treatments and leads them to seek care,” Alpert said. That is “especially important for underdiagnosed conditions,” like depression.

Moreover, she wrote in a recent JAMA Health Forum commentary, direct-to-consumer ads lead to increased use not only of brand-name drugs but also of non-advertised substitutes, including generics.

The Trump administration entered this debate last September, with a presidential memorandum calling for a return to the pre-1997 policy severely restricting direct-to-consumer drug advertising.

That position has repeatedly been urged by Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr., who has charged that “pharmaceutical ads hooked this country on prescription drugs.”

At the same time, the FDA said it was issuing 100 cease-and-desist orders about deceptive drug ads and sending “thousands” of warnings to pharmaceutical companies to remove misleading ads. Marty Makary, the FDA commissioner, blasted drug ads in an essay in The New York Times.

“There’s a lot of chatter,” Woloshin said of those actions. “I don’t know that we’ll see anything concrete.”

This month, however, the FDA notified Novo Nordisk that the agency had found its TV spot for a new oral version of Wegovy false and misleading. Novo Nordisk said in an email that it was “in the process of responding to the FDA” to address the concerns.

Meanwhile, Democratic and independent senators who rarely align with the Trump administration also have introduced legislation to ban or limit direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical ads.

Last February, independent Sen. Angus King of Maine and two other sponsors introduced a bill prohibiting direct-to-consumer ads for the first three years after a drug gains FDA approval.

King said in an email that the act would better inform consumers “by making sure newly approved drugs aren’t allowed to immediately flood the market with ads before we fully understand their impact on the general public.”

Then, in June, he and independent Sen. Bernie Sanders of Vermont proposed legislation to ban such ads entirely. That might prove difficult, Woloshin said, given the Supreme Court’s Citizens United ruling protecting corporate speech.

Moreover, direct-to-consumer ads represent only part of the industry’s promotional efforts. Pharmaceutical firms actually spend more money advertising to doctors than to consumers.

Although television still accounts for most consumer spending, because it’s expensive, Kesselheim pointed to “the mostly unregulated expansion of direct-to-consumer ads onto the web” as a particular concern. Drug sales themselves are bypassing doctors’ practices by moving online.

Woloshin said that “disease awareness campaigns” — for everything from shingles to restless legs — don’t mention any particular drug but are “often marketing dressed up as education.”

He advocates more effective educational campaigns, he said, “to help consumers become more savvy and skeptical and able to recognize reliable versus unreliable information.”

For example, Woloshin and Lisa Schwartz, a late colleague, designed and tested a simple “ drug facts box,” similar to the nutritional labeling on packaged foods, that summarizes and quantifies the benefits and harms of medications.

For now, consumers have to try to educate themselves about the drugs they see ballyhooed on TV.

Abrams read a lot about Ozempic. Her doctor agreed that trying it made sense.

Abrams was referred to an endocrinologist, who decided that her blood glucose was high enough to warrant treatment. Three years later and 90 pounds lighter, she feels able to scramble after her 2-year-old grandson, enjoys Zumba classes, and no longer needs blood pressure or cholesterol drugs.

So Abrams is unsure, she said, how to feel about a possible ban on direct-to-consumer drug ads.

“If I hadn’t asked my new doctor about it, would she have suggested Ozempic?” Abrams wondered. “Or would I still weigh 270 pounds?”

The New Old Age is produced through a partnership with The New York Times.

©2026 KFF Health News. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.

In between time spent watching his teenage daughter’s volleyball matches and appearing on SiriusXM MLB Network Radio’s show “Loud Outs,” new Twins manager Derek Shelton had plenty of time to reflect last summer.

At home in Florida after being fired as manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates in May, Shelton had more free time in front of him than he had in decades. That left him plenty of time to analyze what went wrong, besides the obvious — a payroll that is always near the lowest in the league makes Pittsburgh a tough place to win — and what he might do differently if he got the opportunity to manage again.

This is a 2026 photo of Derek Shelton of the Minnesota Twins baseball team. This image reflects the Minnesota Twins active roster as of Thursday, Feb. 19, 2026 when this image was taken. (AP Photo/Gerald Herbert)

One of the things he landed on was communication; not just delivering a message and expecting that it was understood, but having follow-up conversations and making sure that the ideas he delivered were received in the way he intended.

“It’s something that I don’t think I did a great job of last year, and probably at the end of ’24, and want to make sure I do a better job of personally as a leader going forward,” Shelton said.

That often means asking a player what he heard in those conversations, to make sure he understood and could relay it back. Early feedback from the Twins’ clubhouse has been positive in that respect. Asked about Shelton, multiple players first lauded his ability to communicate as a major strength.

Days after landing the new job, Shelton flew to Texas to meet with third baseman Royce Lewis at a barbecue restaurant. Lewis left their meeting feeling energized.

“I’m ready to run through a wall for him, man, literally and figuratively,” he said. “I think I’m just excited. He brings some positive vibes,” Lewis said. “… Even when guys were signing in the offseason, he’s calling other guys saying like, ‘Hey, this doesn’t change how we view you.’ And that’s so important. It’s stuff we’re not used to.”

On the end of one of those calls was catcher Ryan Jeffers, whom Shelton phoned hours before the Twins signed veteran catcher Victor Caratini to a two-year deal in January. Shelton wanted to talk through the move with Jeffers and discuss how it would affect him. He also met with Jeffers in person this offseason around Thanksgiving in North Carolina.

“I told Shelty when he called, ‘I really appreciate the transparency that’s been there,’” Jeffers said. “It’s better to be truthful and say something you don’t like than to have questions floating in the air. Everyone would rather be told something they don’t want to hear than not be told anything at all.”

That communication style was one of the reasons veteran reliever Taylor Rogers was hoping to reunite with Shelton when he was going through free agency this offseason. Shelton was the Twins’ bench coach in 2018-19 when the southpaw was in his first stint with the Twins, and Rogers valued Shelton’s demeanor and competitive spirit.

He also said he enjoyed the way Shelton viewed the game, the conversations they had and how straight-to-the-point he can be.

“If you have to give somebody constructive criticism, a lot of times you’re going to get a really long answer,” Rogers said. “You give them two positives and a negative. He’s like, ‘I’m going to skip the positives because we’re all going to lose our train of thought so I’m just going to hit you with it and we’re all going to move on.’ … There’s less fluff, and you know where you stand.”

As camp started, Shelton held one-on-one meetings with each player in the clubhouse.

One part of the meetings was clearly stating to each player where the organization sees them; some are on the roster, some are competing for a spot, others are there to learn from the veterans and get valuable experience before heading back to the minor leagues to begin their season.

The other component of those meetings was getting to know them personally. Do they have a significant other? Kids? Hobbies? What makes them tick?

“I hope that players feel they’re comfortable being able to have conversations with me and that we can talk about things not only baseball-related, because I think that’s how you develop relationships,” Shelton said.

That desire to “understand who you are” and build relationships is something center fielder Byron Buxton remembers fondly of Shelton from his tenure as the Twins’ bench coach. And as a result, the two remained connected even as Shelton left the Twins to manage the Pirates ahead of the 2020 season.

“He tries to engage himself, and it’s one of them where when you try to engage yourself, you start figuring out a little more about your players, you start figuring out more of what goes on in their life, situations, communication,” Buxton said. “The only way for you to know that, you’ve got to communicate with your players. So, I think he does a great job of that. It’s something that will take us a little further than what we have in the past.”

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Tim Walz, as governor, and Keith Ellison, as attorney general, took office Jan. 7, 2019. Walz had been a congressional representative from Minnesota’s 1st District, most of southern Minnesota. Ellison abandoned his congressional seat representing the 5th District, most of Minneapolis, to run for attorney general. Ilhan Omar, with Ellison’s robust support, won the congressional seat Ellison’s leaving had made available and was sworn in Jan. 3, 2019.

Minnesota has essentially been financially destroyed ever since.

There were intervening calamities that Walz, Ellison and Omar had nothing to do with, COVID-19 and the death of George Floyd. But both episodes will go down in state history as poorly handled, bungled beyond all understanding, the two shoves on our back that sent us spiraling out of control. Businesses closed. Buildings burned. Law enforcement was held in contempt. Schools closed. Masks were required. We didn’t come through COVID or Floyd with any cohesiveness or solidarity. We were shredded apart and remain so, stained forever by mistrust and a sudden tribalism that seems to define us.

And then fraud, which, looking back, was inevitable given our shattered and incompetent leadership.

Walz and Ellison were brought before the U.S. House of Representatives Oversight Committee in Washington this past week and filleted on fraud. Predictably, our fellows were filleted by Republicans, just as Republicans would have been filleted by Democrats. These hearings are theatrical in nature and orchestrated to serve the vocal chords of a Congress that hasn’t done much of anything else under the spell of President Donald Trump.

“You have not been good stewards of the taxpayer dollars,” Republican Rep. James Comer of Kentucky told our squirming worthies. “And the Democratic position is to keep the money flowing. The American taxpayers have had enough.”

No, Minnesota taxpayers have had enough. Other states did not squander an $18 billion surplus and raise taxes to boot. Other states can’t equal our records for fraud. Walz tried to blunt the inquisition by blaming the presence of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and, by extension, Trump, but even the most rabid Walz supporter has to realize that ICE and Trump have nothing to do with our state swirling down the drain. Walz, Ellison and Omar knew about the fraud. Omar was instrumental in legislation that streamlined the rules to pay for food during COVID.

Why? That’s the billion-dollar question.

Nothing came of the Oversight Committee hearing. Walz and Ellison were humiliated and could not account for their blundering. But we are left wondering what is the point that the hearing establishes. Such a hearing is useful only because the players, Walz and Ellison, were grilled by people not obsequiously invested in them and who don’t hold back their accusations of malfeasance. Confronted, Walz claimed he didn’t know that money paid to autism care providers in Minnesota went from a base of a million dollars to more than $300 million in a couple of years. Think about that.

Such hearings put the players in a spot they will never encounter at home. The conventional newsgathering institutions have been worthless in getting to the bottom of anything, especially the billion-dollar why question. There are independent news outlets that are picking and poking at the fraud, and former federal prosecutor Joe Thompson, before he resigned, was on a good roll throwing fraudsters into jail, but we are left still wondering how many more billions have been stolen in frauds we don’t even know about yet. Thompson called it industrial-scale fraud.

Will we ever get to the bottom of it? Well, we would need arrests and indictments of top-level officials and only then if they were somehow found to have created quid pro quo criminal arrangements with the thieves.

Confidence in such a development doesn’t seem likely. We are the state that doesn’t work. We are like the Edmund Fitzgerald. It looked pretty good when we left the shore of 2018, but then all hell broke loose and we were lost.

Joe Soucheray can be reached at jsoucheray@pioneerpress.com. Soucheray’s “Garage Logic” podcast can be heard at garagelogic.com.

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