F.D. Flam: AI can debunk conspiracy theories better than humans

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Scientists surprised themselves when they found they could instruct a version of ChatGPT to gently dissuade people of their beliefs in conspiracy theories — such as notions that COVID-19 was a deliberate attempt at population control or that 9/11 was an inside job.

The most important revelation wasn’t about the power of AI, but about the workings of the human mind. The experiment punctured the popular myth that we’re in a post-truth era where evidence no longer matters, and it flew in the face of a prevailing view in psychology that people cling to conspiracy theories for emotional reasons and that no amount of evidence can ever disabuse them.

“It’s really the most uplifting research I’ve ever I done,” said psychologist Gordon Pennycook of Cornell University and one of the authors of the study. Study subjects were surprisingly amenable to evidence when it was presented the right way.

The researchers asked more than 2,000 volunteers to interact with a chatbot — GPT-4 Turbo, a large-language model — about beliefs that might be considered conspiracy theories. The subjects typed their belief into a box and the LLM would decide if it fit the researchers’ definition of a conspiracy theory. It asked participants to rate how sure they were of their beliefs on a scale of 0% to 100%. Then it asked the volunteers for their evidence.

The researchers had instructed the LLM to try to persuade people to reconsider their beliefs. To their surprise, it was actually pretty effective.

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People’s faith in false conspiracy theories dropped 20%, on average. About a quarter of the volunteers dropped their belief level from above to below 50%. “I really didn’t think it was going to work, because I really bought into the idea that, once you’re down the rabbit hole, there’s no getting out,” said Pennycook.

The LLM had some advantages over a human interlocutor. People who have strong beliefs in conspiracy theories tend to gather mountains of evidence — not quality evidence, but quantity. It’s hard for most non-believers to muster the motivation to do the tiresome work of keeping up. But AI can match believers with instant mountains of counter-evidence and can point out logical flaws in believers’ claims. It can react in real time to counterpoints the user might bring up.

Elizabeth Loftus, a psychologist at the University of California, Irvine, has been studying the power of AI to sow misinformation and even false memories. She was impressed with this study and the magnitude of the results. She considered that one reason it worked so well is that it’s showing the subjects how much information they didn’t know, and thereby reducing their overconfidence in their own knowledge. People who believe in conspiracy theories typically have a high regard for their own intelligence — and a lower regard for others’ judgment.

After the experiment, the researchers reported, some of the volunteers said it was the first time anyone, or anything, had really understood their beliefs and offered effective counter-evidence.

Before the findings were published this week in Science, the researchers made their version of the chatbot available to journalists to try out. I prompted it with beliefs I’ve heard from friends: that the government was covering up the existence of alien life, and that after the assassination attempt against Donald Trump, the mainstream press deliberately avoided saying he had been shot because reporters worried that it would help his campaign. And then, inspired by Trump’s debate comments, I asked the LLM if immigrants in Springfield, Ohio, were eating cats and dogs.

When I posed the UFO claim, I used the military pilot sightings and a National Geographic channel special as my evidence, and the chatbot pointed out some alternate explanations and showed why those were more probable than alien craft. It discussed the physical difficulty of traveling the vast space needed to get to Earth, and questioned whether it’s likely aliens could be advanced enough to figure this out yet clumsy enough to be discovered by the government.

On the question of journalists hiding Trump’s shooting, the AI explained that making guesses and stating them as facts is antithetical to a reporter’s job. If there’s a series of pops in a crowd, and it’s not yet clear what’s happening, that’s what they’re obligated to report — a series of pops. As for the Ohio pet-eating, the AI did a nice job of explaining that even if there were a single case of someone eating a pet, it wouldn’t demonstrate a pattern.

That’s not to say that lies, rumors and deception aren’t important tactics humans use to gain popularity and political advantage. Searching through social media after the recent presidential debate, many people believed the cat-eating rumor, and what they posted as evidence amounted to repetitions of the same rumor. To gossip is human.

But now we know they might be dissuaded with logic and evidence.

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F.D. Flam is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist covering science. She is host of the “Follow the Science” podcast.

Let’s celebrate! St. Paul restaurants perfect for raising a glass and having a great meal

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The most frequent question I get from readers, hands-down, is for a recommendation for a place to celebrate.

Whether that be an anniversary, a birthday, or simply a good day at work, I’m an expert at helping people toast the good things in life.

Here are my go-to places in St. Paul when I want to take a friend or family member out to raise a glass and eat some amazing food.

I’ve organized my favorites to fit your budget, because sometimes you want to celebrate without paying a huge bill.

On a budget

These are the places I hit when my bank account is feeling as light as my heart.

Bad Hombre from Brunson’s Pub. (Jess Fleming / Pioneer Press)

Brunson’s Pub: When you ask my husband where he wants to go to celebrate, even if it’s in our budget to spend more, his answer will always be this East Side neighborhood bar. The drinks are fabulous and reasonably priced, the staff is friendly and fun and the elevated bar food is always great. My go-to drink is the Bad Hombre, a mezcal-and-tequila-fueled, spicy, tropical delight. My husband is an old-fashioned man, and Benny’s Old Fashioned is one of the best in town. Our favorite bites include the Hoppin’ John salad, which features lightly sauteed collard greens, black-eyed peas and smoky pulled bacon, any of the burgers or the Cajun Tuna sandwich. Honestly, though, you can’t go wrong.

956 Payne Ave., St. Paul; 651-447-2483; brunsonspub.com

Tio Steve’s Nachos at Boca Chica on St. Paul’s West Side. (Jess Fleming / Pioneer Press)

Boca Chica: It helps that this longstanding West Side restaurant is down the hill from our house and that all our kids love it, but this is the perfect place to celebrate a last-minute accomplishment or milestone with family or friends. The dining room is enormous, so it’s easy to score a table most any time, and the bar is a festive place where delicious margaritas flow as freely as the often-overworked bartenders can handle. There’s also an adorable patio in the warmer months. My favorite dishes here include the mole enchiladas or Tio Steve’s Nachos if I have a friend or two to share with, but the entire menu of Mexican and Tex-Mex classics is tasty and comforting, and portions are enormous.

11 Cesar Chavez St., St. Paul; 651-222-8499; bocachicarestaurant.com

Not too fancy

A Sputnik martini on the patio at Moscow on the Hill in St. Paul’s Cathedral Hill. (Jess Fleming / Pioneer Press)

These restaurants are always great and reasonably priced and have stellar drinks.

Moscow on the Hill: With a list of martinis as long as my arm (I’m a savory, horseradish-forward Sputnik girl) and homey, delicious dishes like cabbage rolls, chicken Kiev and my beloved pelmeni dumplings, this Cathedral Hill restaurant is very often the answer for where to raise a glass (or drown our sorrows) for my bestie and me. Getting a table is usually easy — they do take reservations if you’re thinking ahead — and the gorgeous, multi-level patio here is an absolute hidden St. Paul gem. I’m hungry just thinking about it.

371 Selby Ave., St. Paul; 651-291-1236; moscowonthehill.com

The bologna sandwich at Saint Dinette in Lowertown. (Jess Fleming / Pioneer Press)

Saint Dinette: I’ve never had a bad meal at this finer diner in Lowertown, which unfortunately might be closing this spring. The drinks here are spectacular and the French-inspired menu changes frequently, except for the standout, butter-spiked burger and fabulous bologna sandwich. Brunch here is on point, too — order the perfect French omelette and a Canadian Cold Press spiked with bourbon for a kick-start to your Saturday or Sunday funday. They’ll even hold your produce from the St. Paul Farmers’ Market in their walk-in cooler while you nosh.

261 E. Fifth St., St. Paul; 651-800-1415; saintdinette.com

Piri Piri Chicken at Estelle on St. Clair Avenue. (Jess Fleming / Pioneer Press)

Estelle: I can’t decide whether I prefer the excellent wines or the lovingly crafted cocktails at this southern European spot, which also features a killer cheeseburger, delicious, hand-made pastas and my favorite chicken dish in town — the juicy, just-spicy-enough Roasted Piri Piri Chicken. The service here is always warm and attentive, and the newly renovated patio features a roof with overhead heaters built in to stretch the al fresco dining window as far as possible.

1806 St. Clair Ave., St. Paul; 651-330-9648; estellestp.com

Last-minute

Here are two places that don’t take reservations and never let me down.

Potato sopes at Pajarito in St. Paul. (Jess Fleming / Pioneer Press)

Pajarito: Fancy tacos on house-made tortillas, some of the best salsas in town and a spicy, cilantro-spiked margarita make Pajarito one of my favorite places to celebrate with friends. Did you get a new job? Pajarito. Did your kid get accepted to their college of choice? Pajarito. Happy hour is a great deal, too, with some of my favorite nachos in town (the freshly fried chips are the star) clocking in at just $8. The entire menu is great (try the wood-fired octopus or chicken or the vegetarian potato sopes if you’re not in the mood for tacos), service is always stellar and wait times are generally low to nonexistent.

605 W. Seventh St., St. Paul; 651-340-9545; pajaritorestaurant.com

A mushroom pizza at Red Rabbit in St. Paul. (Jess Fleming / Pioneer Press)

Red Rabbit: From a killer espresso martini to a pretty fab wine list, toasting here is always a good idea, and the solid Italian menu has something for everyone. Their wood-grilled wings and garlic bread cheese curds are sure crowd-pleasers, and the pizzas and pastas here always hit the spot. Between the newly renovated patio and the giant dining room, there’s usually not much of a wait, either.

788 Grand Ave., St. Paul; 651-444-5995; redrabbitmn.com

Budget be damned

Anniversaries, birthdays and other special occasions are always made better at these two restaurants, at which every meal I’ve ever eaten has been spectacular.

Salmon and a glass of French rose at Meritage in downtown St. Paul. (Jess Fleming / Pioneer Press)

Meritage: Even before I started writing about food, Meritage was where my husband and I celebrated birthdays and anniversaries. The polished service, stellar wine list, fresh-as-can-be oysters and French-inspired menu always make me feel special. They also happen to have the best french fries in the Twin Cities — thin, hand-cut beauties served with a slurpable bearnaise. If you’re really looking for something fancy, try the five-course tasting menu, which changes frequently but always represents the best seasonal produce, seafood and meats that chef Russell Klein can get his hands on. It’s $110 a person and worth every penny.

410 St. Peter St., St. Paul; 651-222-5670; meritage-stpaul.com

A New York Strip at Mancini’s on St. Paul’s West Seventh Street. (Jess Fleming / Pioneer Press)

Mancini’s: When I want a crisp martini and a perfect steak, the only answer to where we are celebrating is this 70-year-old restaurant, which is now run by the third and fourth generation of Mancinis, who can be seen working the dining room and greeting customers nearly every day of the week. The only steak I eat here is the best one — the New York Strip. Perfectly charred and cooked to your liking, it comes with salad, potatoes, an Italian-dressing-soaked relish tray and the best damn garlic bread you’ll ever eat. They serve each table a whole basket, which seems excessive until you taste it.

531 W. Seventh St., St. Paul; 651-224-7345; mancinis.com

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David Fickling: Breaking our plastics habit is easier said than done

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Could our unshakeable addiction to plastics be broken?

That’s certainly the hope of activists. The U.S. — birthplace of the modern polymers industry, and the biggest producer of its key feedstocks, oil and gas — has joined a bloc supporting a worldwide treaty capping plastics production. That could make a United Nations meeting in South Korea in November into a turning point in the material culture of humanity. The harder challenge will be ensuring that an agreement is workable.

Whichever way you look at it, a mountain of waste polymers is likely to be one of the most lasting monuments of the 21st century. We produce some 400 million metric tons of plastics year in, year out. Except for the roughly 9% that’s recycled and 12% that’s incinerated, all of it ends up somewhere in the environment, whether in a landfill or scattered through our streets, soil and oceans.

Do everything feasible to stop that runaway train and we might cut output by about 40% by 2040, according to one influential study. Even such an ambitious scenario would leave more than 10 billion tons of waste by mid-century.

How you feel about that depends on how you weigh the contradictory evidence about the costs and benefits of plastics. It’s not enough to point at a large number and worry about it: Each year we manufacture 4 billion tons of cement, 2 billion tons of steel, pump 4.5 billion tons of oil from the ground, and release 35 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Whether you consider that a problem depends on whether you think the waste is damaging (like CO2) or largely harmless, like concrete.

Plastics, furthermore, have real advantages over the alternatives. They’re light, largely inert, and in many cases do less environmental damage than metal and glass (whose carbon footprint tends to be higher) and even paper (whose effluent pollutes fresh water).

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Packaging, the main bogeyman for consumers, only comprises about 31% of the plastics we consume. The rest is split between a dizzying array of uses, from water pipes to car dashboards, domestic appliances, clothing and medical devices. A reflexive dislike of polymers blinds us to the countless ways modern life would be impossible without them.

All that said, with each passing year we see more studies showing how plastics are accumulating in the natural environment and the tissues of humans, animals and plants. Hard evidence of the harm this causes is scant, but the pathways are well understood — from toxic additives that can be leached out over time, to pollutants absorbed in the environment the way static picks up dust, and then released deep inside the body. Few regret the precautionary approach that previous generations took in the face of early evidence about the harmful effects from tobacco, ozone-depleting chemicals or greenhouse gasses. Given the immense difficulty we will have reining in our polymer habit, a similarly proactive policy makes sense.

What would a global cap on plastics production look like? It’s unlikely to be the most important part of any upcoming treaty. The setting of international standards to eliminate toxic additives like BPA and phthalates (used to make polymers, respectively, more rigid and more flexible) will likely make the biggest difference to human and animal health. Efforts to standardize production processes to ease recycling will have more of an impact on the environment. Support for waste management in fast-growing emerging economies will have the largest bearing on marine pollution. A hard cap, however, could be the sort of difficult-to-achieve target that concentrates minds and unlocks human ingenuity.

Those reductions shouldn’t be impossible to achieve. Most would argue that Japan and South Korea have comparable living standards to the U.S., but the latter consumes two-and-a-half times as much plastics per capita. If the world as a whole could reduce our usage to roughly the level China sees today and increase reuse toward the rates at which the European Union recycles polymer packaging, we might hold production of new plastics below 500 million tons a year.

That might not sound like much, but it would still be a phenomenal achievement, especially when put against forecasts by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development that we might be heading to more than double those levels.

If you think it’s been hard dethroning fossil fuels’ centrality to our energy system, be prepared for many decades of struggle. Electricity from wind, solar, batteries and nuclear power provides a compelling alternative to coal, gas and oil. There are few substitutes waiting in the wings that could repeat that trick with polymers. Plastics are woven through the fabric of modern life quite as intricately as their waste materials are scattered through the natural environment. It won’t be easy to replace them, but the first step is to try.

David Fickling is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist covering climate change and energy. Previously, he worked for Bloomberg News, the Wall Street Journal and the Financial Times.

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Third-party candidate in MN 2nd Congressional District race recruited by secretive group

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A third-party conservative candidate running in a south suburban Twin Cities congressional district held by U.S. Rep. Angie Craig was recruited by a secretive group with ties to Democrat-aligned political consulting firms.

Tom Bowman (Courtesy of Tom Bowman)

Thomas Bowman, 71, who is running as a “constitutional conservative” against Democratic Congresswoman Craig and Republican Joe Teirab, was asked to run in the 2nd Congressional District by Patriots Run Project, a group recruiting right-wing candidates in competitive races across the U.S., according to a report from the Associated Press.

Bowman said he was approached by the group after “becoming vocal” about politics on Facebook. In an interview with the Pioneer Press, Bowman said Patriots Run Project asked him to run against Craig in a district more than 10 miles away from his Brooklyn Center address.

“The race was suggested to me,” said Bowman. He added that reporting about the group’s ties to Democratic groups doesn’t give him any pause about his candidacy.

“They’ve warned me that as soon as you run and you’re not in the Republican or the Democratic Party, the mud is going to fly,” he said. “So I’ll sit back and be amused. I haven’t done anything wrong.”

Help gathering signatures

Bowman, who is disabled following a kidney transplant, told the AP it was likely he was recruited to split the conservative vote, that Patriots Run Project had helped him gather signatures and that he couldn’t have gotten on the ballot without their help.

Bowman said his priorities if elected include enacting term limits and bringing fiscal restraint to government.

Tierab’s campaign called Patriots Run Project’s efforts “blatant election interference” and attempted to attach the activity to his opponent.

“Angie Craig talks a lot about corruption in Washington, meanwhile her party is attempting to manipulate the election in her favor,” Teirab said in a news release. “Angie Craig owes her constituents answers on what she knew about this election interference and if she will denounce her party’s corrupt tactics.”

In response to allegations of Democrat-aligned groups backing a spoiler candidate in her district, Craig’s campaign said it knew nothing about Bowman’s candidacy.

“The first we heard of Thomas Bowman’s candidacy was when he filed with the (Federal Election Commission) in April,” said campaign spokesperson Katie Kelsh. “The campaign has no knowledge of how he got on the ballot.”

The 2nd Congressional District is no stranger to third-party candidates getting accused of being spoilers.

In the 2022 and 2020 elections, Craig faced challengers from the state’s Legal Marijuana Now Party — both of whom faced accusations of ties to Republicans and both of whom died before Election Day.

In 2022, Paula Overby died on Oct. 5, a little over a month before Election Day, of what family members said was complications from heart valve trouble. In 2020, Legal Marijuana Now candidate Adam Weeks died in late September of an apparent fentanyl overdose, just a little over a month before Election Day.

Other candidates

Meanwhile, several other unorthodox candidates have emerged across the country — all backed by Patriots Run Project.

For the past year, the group has recruited supporters of former President Donald Trump to run as independent candidates in key swing districts where they could siphon votes from Republicans in races that will help determine which party controls the U.S. House next year, an Associated Press review has found. In addition to two races in Iowa, the group recruited candidates in Nebraska, Montana and Virginia. All six recruits described themselves as retired, disabled or both.

The group’s operation provides few clues about its management, financing or motivation. But interviews, text messages, emails, business filings and other documents reviewed by the AP show that a significant sum has been spent — and some of it traces back to Democratic consulting firms.

While dirty tricks are as old as American elections, the efforts this year could have profound consequences in the fight to control Congress. It’s also not an isolated example: allies of Trump have been working across the U.S. to get liberal academic Cornel West on the ballot in hopes he could play spoiler in the presidential election.

‘It’s a dirty trick’

Joe Wiederien was an unlikely candidate to challenge a Republican congressman in one of the nation’s most competitive House districts in Iowa. Wiederien was registered as a Republican until months earlier. A debilitating stroke had left him unable to drive. He had never run for office. For a time, he couldn’t vote because of a felony conviction.

But he arrived last month at the Iowa Capitol with well over the 1,726 petition signatures needed to qualify for the ballot as a conservative alternative to first-term Republican Rep. Zach Nunn.

“At that time I was thinking, well, it would be nice to be in Congress and get to work with President Trump,” Wiederien, 54, said. “It looks like it’s a dirty trick now.”

Wiederien withdrew his candidacy last month after he says it became clear he’d been manipulated into running against Nunn.

Nunn on Monday called the effort a plot “to steal this election.”

A deceptive recruitment drive on Facebook

On Facebook, Patriots Run Project operated a series of pro-Trump pages and ran ads that used apocalyptic rhetoric to attack establishment politicians in both parties while urging conservatives to run in November.

“We need American Patriots like YOU to stand for freedom with President Trump and take back control from the globalist elites by running for office,” one ad states.

Some candidates say they were contacted because of their political posts on Facebook. Two others said the group reached out after they completed an online survey.

Once recruited, they communicated with a handful of operatives through text messages, emails and phone calls. In-person contact was limited. Patriots Run Project advised them about what forms to fill out and how to file required paperwork.

In at least three races, petition signatures to qualify for the ballot were circulated by a Nevada company that works closely with the Democratic consulting firm Sole Strategies, according to documents, including text messages and a draft contract, as well as the firm’s co-founder. In Iowa, a different Democratic firm conducted a poll testing attacks on Nunn, while presenting Wiederien as the true conservative.

Despite the ties to Democratic firms, there is a scant paper trail to determine who is overseeing the effort.

Patriots Run Project is not a registered business in the United States and it is not listed as a nonprofit with the IRS. It has not filed paperwork to form a political committee with the Federal Election Commission. The only concrete identifying detail listed on the group’s website is a P.O. Box inside a UPS store in Washington, D.C.

Messages left at email addresses and phone numbers for the group’s operatives went unanswered.

DCCC responds

A spokesperson for the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, House Democrats’ campaign arm, said the organization had no knowledge of or involvement in the effort. House Majority PAC, the Democrats’ big spending congressional super PAC, was also not involved, a spokesman said.

Jason Torchinsky, a prominent Republican election lawyer and former Justice Department official, said investigators should take interest. “Given what is described, there could be a wide variety of federal and state criminal violations,” he said.

Rick Hasen, a law professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, said the effort “looks shady and unethical,” but added “it is hard to say whether any laws have been broken, which would depend not only on the facts, but also the statutes and precedents under state law.”

In Iowa, it is a crime to deprive or defraud voters of “a fair and impartially conducted election process,” while in Virginia “conspiracy against rights of citizens” is a felony.

It’s not the first time Patriots Run Project has drawn attention.

In June, the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, a London-based watchdog, issued a report that found the network of Patriots Run Project pages on Facebook were likely controlled by a small number of people, deceiving users and violating Facebook’s policies on “coordinated inauthentic behavior.” The ads also violated the site’s standards because they did not include disclaimers showing who was responsible.

Facebook took down the pages. Meta, Facebook’s parent company, didn’t respond to a request for comment. The company reported receiving $48,000 for the group’s ads.

‘They got me a donor’

Unlike Wiederien, other candidates said they believed the group had done nothing wrong.

In Montana, Dennis Hayes was recruited to run as a Libertarian against GOP Rep. Ryan Zinke. The group found a donor to give him $1,740 to cover his candidate filing fee, Hayes recalled. The donor, whom Hayes would not identify, went to Hayes’ bank with him to deposit the check, which Politico previously reported.

“I told them I didn’t have the money to run or I would. They got me a donor so I could run for Congress,” said Hayes, 70.

Robert Reid, a widowed retiree running against Republican Rep. Jen Kiggans in southeastern Virginia, said he was contacted by Patriots Run Project after posting his views to Facebook. His sole in-person contact was when a man drove to his home in a Mercedes SUV to drop off his completed petition signature paperwork.

“They seem to be nice people,” said Reid, a Trump supporter who will appear on November’s ballot for the swing district seat. The thought, however, did cross his mind that “these guys want me to run to draw votes away from” Kiggans.

Operatives target a key race in Iowa

Wiederien, however, thinks the group had ulterior motives. The Iowa district he was recruited to run in has been fiercely contested in recent years. Nunn won by roughly 2,000 votes in 2022, while the Democrat who held the seat, Cindy Axne, eked out victories in two prior races that drew third-party candidates.

Patriots Run Project identified Wiederien through Facebook last fall, and an operative calling himself “Knox” urged him to run: “God bless you. You’re a true patriot. We are gonna save our country!”

Wiederien, who has attended several Trump rallies, had text and phone conversations over the ensuing months with operatives who identified themselves as “Will Haywood” and “Johnny Shearer.”

The AP was unable to confirm whether Haywood and Shearer were real identities. A John Shearer who Wiederien said was involved said he would not confirm or deny any participation.

“If I were in this covert political organization, I wouldn’t really admit to it, would I?” he said.

The operatives convinced Wiederien to change his party affiliation from Republican to unaffiliated so he could qualify. They assured him his 2013 felony conviction for his third operating-while-intoxicated offense, which cost him his right to vote and run for office until 2016, wasn’t disqualifying.

They urged him to list his affiliation on the ballot as “America First.” They arranged for a firm to gather signatures across the district.

Common Sense America

Those signatures were gathered by Common Sense America, a Nevada limited liability company created in February. A company disclosure filing in Colorado, which requires signature gatherers to register, lists a phone number for a co-founder of the Democratic consulting firm Sole Strategies.

“We work very closely with Common Sense America,” Zee Cohen-Sanchez, the co-founder, said when contacted. Lisa Cohen, the registered agent for Common Sense America who appears to be Cohen-Sanchez’s mother, didn’t return messages.

Sole Strategies has earned nearly $1.8 million over the past four years working for Democratic candidates and causes, including Democratic House members and candidates, records show.

Last month, a poll attacked Nunn as soft in his opposition to abortion, terrorists and Democrats — calling him “an errand boy for the uniparty elite” — while painting Wiederien as the pro-Trump conservative in the race.

A spokeswoman for the firm that operated the poll, Dynata, said that its client was Patinkin Research, which says it “has worked to elect dozens of Democratic candidates.” The spokeswoman later said she identified Patinkin in error and urged AP not to publish its identity. Patinkin’s founder didn’t return messages.

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