Amy Lindgren

We’ve all heard the lament: Jobs go to those with experience but you can’t get experience without a job.

But is it true? While the first half of the complaint is largely accurate – jobs do more frequently go to those with experience – the second part can be misleading. It’s not the related job that’s required, but applicable ability.

Try this version instead: Jobs go to those with experience and you can get experience by doing related tasks.

The difference between the two concepts is foundational. In the first, you have the image of a Mobius strip, or perhaps a snake swallowing its tail. That is, a circle without end. But in the second concept, you’re invited to imagine what tasks are relevant to the work you seek and then conduct those tasks to build needed experience.

Let’s break that down for someone wishing to break into a new field – perhaps a new graduate or a career-changer or a caretaker re-entering the workforce. You’ll need some steps to analyze the problem before solving it:

1. Choose a job target. We’ll use nonprofit communications for this example.

2. Research to learn (and list) the typical duties. Here’s what came from a recent batch of job postings for the duties of a nonprofit communications person: Strong writing ability; newsletter and web content; social media posting/monitoring; website management; writing/editing press releases; building external relationships for the organization; grant writing; creating training materials; etc.

Most jobs wouldn’t demand all of these duties, but the variety gives you a sense of what the job primarily consists of. Not surprisingly, that would be communications.

3. Match your own skills and experience to the list. Put a mark next to the duties you’ve conducted before, whether that was in a job, for a class, as a volunteer, or just on your own.

You’ll need to prove your ability for these areas, so now’s the time to gather up the evidence. Perhaps you’ve written newsletter articles for your house of worship, or build relationships between your student club and college administration. Put everything into computer files on your desktop or file folders on your actual desk, easily accessible when it’s time to write your résumé.

4. Look for the gaps between the job duties and your own background. The second time through the list of duties, you’ll be using a different symbol or color to mark the communications job tasks you haven’t done before. These are areas where you need to gain experience and build skills.

So those are the problem-analysis steps. What if you discover a complete lack of skills or related experience for the job you desire? That’s when you’ll need a bridge that takes you from zero to the minimum needed by the average employer. For most people, that bridge would be some kind of hands-on, immersive experience such as an internship, certificate program, volunteer gig or part-time job.

On the other hand, your analysis could reveal that you have some good experience but not in all the areas. In that case, you’ll need a plan to fill the gaps. For example, suppose one gap is a lack of website management – how can you develop this ability? You probably have an idea already, but some of the possibilities include taking a class, using tutorials to build/maintain a site for a small nonprofit or startup, asking a friend to teach you, or requesting to cross-train on this function if you’re working in a job now.

Time for a recap. So far, you’ve chosen a target job, analyzed the job’s usual duties and the skills needed to do them, reviewed your own skills and experiences, identified the things you can do/have done before, and identified the things you can’t do, while making a partial plan for learning to do them.

Not too shabby, as my dad used to say. Now here’s the baseline question: How badly do you want to break into this field? Assuming it’s at least a 50-50 in terms of your interest, you’re ready for the home stretch. It’s time to build a résumé touting the skills you do have while starting on the plan for getting the other skills. In both categories, remember the power of examples. You’ll be more convincing if you create online and print portfolios to share with prospective employers during your interviews.

Come back next week for more ideas to break the no-experience-no-job cycle.

Amy Lindgren owns a career consulting firm in St. Paul. She can be reached at alindgren@prototypecareerservice.com.

Events memorializing the May 25, 2020, death of George Floyd include, this weekend, concerts, prayer services, moments of silence, art displays, a dance and candlelight vigils. Of at least a dozen events on this Memorial Day weekend of solicitude and celebration, at least six are to be held at George Floyd Square, at 38th Street and Chicago Avenue in Minneapolis.

In fact, on the night itself, May 25, there will be a gospel concert followed by a candlelight vigil at George Floyd Square.

It’s been five years, five long years, certainly an acceptable duration of public grief. And yet one thing has been forgotten, one crucial element forgotten over the five long years of institutionalizing the memory of Floyd.

A can of paint.

Not a single example of aesthetic pleasantry has come to that intersection. The adult political children and professional activists who run Minneapolis have burned through millions of taxpayer dollars on planning. Planning what? You haven’t accomplished anything. Neighbors have been heard — “leave us alone” — and then ignored. Barricades come and go. Graffiti is the common language, as is a malignant idleness so thick in the air you could cut it with a knife. What businesses remain have apparently just run out of options, and they hang on, tired and careworn.

In the early days, the square was run like a protection racket by self-appointed kingpins. Say the magic word and you could get past the sawhorse gate. But it was merely an entrance to a dystopian nightmare of disfunction. Police were eyed with contempt. Rules for the corrupt ghost town were made up on the spot and changed just as quickly. There was no order and no apparent goals.

Evidenced by the lack of paint.

If Floyd was to be truly respected, there would be paint. There would have been scrubbing and polishing and power washing until the concrete sparkled. If the memory of the man is supposed to point to a worldwide revolution in policing, you would think that such a milestone might be marked by more than litter and gutters full of dirty rain water.

George Floyd Square is an embarrassment, to Floyd, to the residents near it and to the citizens of the Twin Cities who expect more and continue to get less.

First of all, it isn’t a square. Why not make it one? Thus, the paint. Five long years of city council committees and hearings and listening sessions and political activists walking around with their iPads and their latest pedestrian mall brainstorm. And then all you got was something from a song, another day longer and deeper in debt.

The original sin happened five years ago when the city was alight with rioting and destruction. The mayor and his like-minded ideologues from the governor on down let a police precinct burn and stores get looted. They had trouble reaching for the phone to call the National Guard. They certainly weren’t intending to demand that rioters behave. After all, we were told those were peaceful protests.

The powers that be had neither the courage nor the intelligence to put a stop to the Wild West shenanigans at 38th and Chicago. They just let it go and it’s still going, going, gone.

A square suggests sidewalk tables and shade trees. A respite, a place of quietude and reflection, usually found in the middle pockets of sprawling cities.

But not here. Here we have the stain of ineptitude and malfeasance passed off as some sort of virtue.

None of the ideologues are capable of embarrassment or shame. And that leaves the man they hide behind memorialized by nothing more than litter and dirty rain water in the gutter.

Joe Soucheray can be reached at jsoucheray@pioneerpress.com. Soucheray’s “Garage Logic” podcast can be heard at garagelogic.com.

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By Jackie Fortiér and Arthur Allen, KFF Health News

In the dim basement of a Salt Lake City pharmacy, hundreds of amber-colored plastic pill bottles sit stacked in rows, one man’s defensive wall in a tariff war.

Independent pharmacist Benjamin Jolley and his colleagues worry that the tariffs, aimed at bringing drug production to the United States, could instead drive companies out of business while raising prices and creating more of the drug shortages that have plagued American patients for several years.

Jolley bought six months’ worth of the most expensive large bottles, hoping to shield his business from the 10% across-the-board tariffs on imported goods that President Donald Trump announced April 2. Now with threats of additional tariffs targeting pharmaceuticals, Jolley worries that costs will soar for the medications that will fill those bottles.

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In principle, Jolley said, using tariffs to push manufacturing from China and India to the U.S. makes sense. In the event of war, China could quickly stop all exports to the United States.

“I understand the rationale for tariffs. I’m not sure that we’re gonna do it the right way,” Jolley said. “And I am definitely sure that it’s going to raise the price that I pay my suppliers.”

Squeezed by insurers and middlemen, independent pharmacists such as Jolley find themselves on the front lines of a tariff storm. Nearly everyone down the line — drugmakers, pharmacies, wholesalers, and middlemen — opposes most tariffs.

Slashing drug imports could trigger widespread shortages, experts said, because of America’s dependence on Chinese- and Indian-made chemical ingredients, which form the critical building blocks of many medicines. Industry officials caution that steep tariffs on raw materials and finished pharmaceuticals could make drugs more expensive.

“Big ships don’t change course overnight,” said Robin Feldman, a UC Law San Francisco professor who writes about prescription drug issues. “Even if companies pledge to bring manufacturing home, it will take time to get them up and running. The key will be to avoid damage to industry and pain to consumers in the process.”

Trump on April 8 said he would soon announce “a major tariff on pharmaceuticals,” which have been largely tariff-free in the U.S. for 30 years.

“When they hear that, they will leave China,” he said. The U.S. imported $213 billion worth of medicines in 2024 — from China but also India, Europe, and other areas.

Prescription drugs sit ready to be distributed to patients at 986 Pharmacy in Alhambra, California. ((Jackie Fortiér/KFF Health News)/KFF Health News/TNS)

Trump’s statement sent drugmakers scrambling to figure out whether he was serious, and whether some tariffs would be levied more narrowly, since many parts of the U.S. drug supply chain are fragile, drug shortages are common, and upheaval at the FDA leaves questions about whether its staffing is adequate to inspect factories, where quality problems can lead to supply chain crises.

On May 12, Trump signed an executive order asking drugmakers to bring down the prices Americans pay for prescriptions, to put them in line with prices in other countries.

Meanwhile, pharmacists predict even the 10% tariffs Trump has demanded will hurt: Jolley said a potential increase of up to 30 cents a vial is not a king’s ransom, but it adds up when you’re a small pharmacy that fills 50,000 prescriptions a year.

“The one word that I would say right now to describe tariffs is ‘uncertainty,’” said Scott Pace, a pharmacist and owner of Kavanaugh Pharmacy in Little Rock, Arkansas.

To weather price fluctuations, Pace stocked up on the drugs his pharmacy dispenses most.

“I’ve identified the top 200 generics in my store, and I have basically put 90 days’ worth of those on the shelf just as a starting point,” he said. “Those are the diabetes drugs, the blood pressure medicines, the antibiotics — those things that I know folks will be sicker without.”

Pace said tariffs could be the death knell for the many independent pharmacies that exist on “razor-thin margins” — unless reimbursements rise to keep up with higher costs.

Unlike other retailers, pharmacies can’t pass along such costs to patients. Their payments are set by health insurers and pharmacy benefit managers largely owned by insurance conglomerates, who act as middlemen between drug manufacturers and purchasers.

Neal Smoller, who employs 15 people at his Village Apothecary in Woodstock, New York, is not optimistic.

“It’s not like they’re gonna go back and say, well, here’s your 10% bump because of the 10% tariff,” he said. “Costs are gonna go up and then the sluggish responses from the PBMs — they’re going to lead us to lose more money at a faster rate than we already are.”

Smoller, who said he has built a niche selling vitamins and supplements, fears that FDA firings will mean fewer federal inspections and safety checks.

“I worry that our pharmaceutical industry becomes like our supplement industry, where it’s the wild West,” he said.

Pills sit in the tray of a pill-counting machine at 986 Pharmacy in Alhambra, California. ((Jackie Fortiér/KFF Health News)/KFF Health News/TNS)

Narrowly focused tariffs might work in some cases, said Marta Wosińska, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution’s Center on Health Policy. For example, while drug manufacturing plants can cost $1 billion and take three to five years to set up, it would be relatively cheap to build a syringe factory — a business American manufacturers abandoned during the covid-19 pandemic because China was dumping its products here, Wosińska said.

It’s not surprising that giants such as Novartis and Eli Lilly have promised Trump they’ll invest billions in U.S. plants, she said, since much of their final drug product is made here or in Europe, where governments negotiate drug prices. The industry is using Trump’s tariff saber-rattling as leverage; in an April 11 letter, 32 drug companies demanded European governments pay them more or face an exodus to the United States.

Brandon Daniels, CEO of supply chain company Exiger, is bullish on tariffs. He thinks they could help bring some chemical manufacturing back to the U.S., which, when coupled with increased use of automation, would reduce the labor advantages of China and India.

“You’ve got real estate in North Texas that’s cheaper than real estate in Shenzhen,” he said at an economic conference April 25 in Washington, referring to a major Chinese chemical manufacturing center.

But Wosińska said no amount of tariffs will compel makers of generic drugs, responsible for 90% of U.S. prescriptions, to build new factories in the U.S. Payment structures and competition would make it economic suicide, she said.

Several U.S. generics firms have declared bankruptcy or closed U.S. factories over the past decade, said John Murphy, CEO of the Association for Accessible Medicines, the generics trade group. Reversing that trend won’t be easy and tariffs won’t do it, he said.

“There’s not a magic level of tariffs that magically incentivizes them to come into the U.S.,” he said. “There is no room to make a billion-dollar investment in a domestic facility if you’re going to lose money on every dose you sell in the U.S. market.”

His group has tried to explain these complexities to Trump officials, and hopes word is getting through. “We’re not PhRMA,” Murphy said, referring to the powerful trade group primarily representing makers of brand-name drugs. “I don’t have the resources to go to Mar-a-Lago to talk to the president myself.”

Many of the active ingredients in American drugs are imported. Fresenius Kabi, a German company with facilities in eight U.S. states to produce or distribute sterile injectables — vital hospital drugs for cancer and other conditions — complained in a letter to U.S. Trade Representative Jamieson Greer that tariffs on these raw materials could paradoxically lead some companies to move finished product manufacturing overseas.

Fresenius Kabi also makes biosimilars, the generic forms of expensive biologic drugs such as Humira and Stelara. The United States is typically the last developed country where biosimilars appear on the market because of patent laws.

Tariffs on biosimilars coming from overseas — where Fresenius makes such drugs — would further incentivize U.S. use of more expensive brand-name biologics, the March 11 letter said. Biosimilars, which can cost a tenth of the original drug’s price, launch on average 3-4 years later in the U.S. than in Canada or Europe.

In addition to getting cheaper knockoff drugs faster, European countries also pay far less than the United States for brand-name products. Paradoxically, Murphy said, those same countries pay more for generics.

European governments tend to establish more stable contracts with makers of generics, while in the United States, “rabid competition” drives down prices to the point at which a manufacturer “maybe scrimps on product quality,” said John Barkett, a White House Domestic Policy Council member in the Biden administration.

As a result, Wosińska said, “without exemptions or other measures put in place, I really worry about tariffs causing drug shortages.”

Smoller, the New York pharmacist, doesn’t see any upside to tariffs.

“How do I solve the problem of caring for my community,” he said, “but not being subject to the emotional roller coaster that is dispensing hundreds of prescriptions a day and watching every single one of them be a loss or 12 cents profit?”

©2025 KFF Health News. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.

Not so long ago, Lillian Kahan would’ve been an oddity.

She’s 104 years old (“104 and a half,” she corrects), and, until recently, a life of such length was a statistical quirk, rare enough to warrant news coverage or scientific research or at least a cupcake at the local senior center.

These days that’s only half true. Kahan’s age still makes news, and scientists increasingly are interested in people like her. She still gets the odd cupcake.

But the attention isn’t coming because she’s so uncommon. It’s because she’s not.

In fact, being a Kahan – living to 100 and beyond – might be a glimpse of the future.

“Being this old is fun,” Kahan said. “I recommend it.”

Welcome to Ageville

The number of centenarians worldwide has more than doubled over the past 25 years and demographers at the United Nations project that the 100-something crowd will quadruple by mid-century. Today, the biggest centenarian populations are in Japan (146,000) and the United States (108,000). But, soon, countries like China and India, where the overall populations are huge but the aging curve is only now starting to trend upward, will have even bigger 100-something age bubbles. By 2054, nearly 4 million people around the world will be 100 or older.

The trend is expected to be even more pronounced locally. The state projects that from now until 2050, the ranks of centenarians will jump more than fivefold in each of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino counties.

Of course, centenarians are just the tip of a bigger demographic spear.

Populations are aging up in most advanced economies, at a rate never before seen in human history. In many countries, older people already outnumber children or they’re expected to in the near future. Aging demographics are reshaping everything from retirement plans and immigration patterns to diaper sales and popular ideals about beauty.

Like many aspects of the aging boom, the rise of centenarians is a mixed bag.

For example, it’s unambiguously good that lifestyle changes and cancer prevention and medical sciences have all improved enough to make it possible for so many people to live so long and, often, so well.

“Every centenarian I’ve met is exceptional,” said Stacy Andersen, who, as co-director of the New England Centenarian Study at Boston University, has met a lot of centenarians.

“These people have delayed chronic, age-related diseases. That’s the baseline. But many also continue to live vibrant lives, to stay engaged in their community and with their families,” she added. “It’s a wonderful view of what aging can be.”

It’s also unambiguously great that younger relatives and friends – everybody under 100, really – can, if they listen, pick up some life hacks that come with living 100 or more years.

“I still love waking up,” said Kahan, her New York accent still thick after six-plus decades in Mission Viejo and other parts of Southern California.

“You should try to do that. It’s pretty important.”

But good things often come with a cost, and the rise of centenarians presents some huge challenges.

Money, health, family hassles; the same issues that plague younger people don’t go away when someone turns 100. But the ability to leap over those hurdles – or, perhaps, to worry about them at all – drops considerably when you become a centenarian.

“I don’t necessarily want to make it to 100,” said Margo Carle, an ombudsman with the Council on Aging Southern California who works as an independent advocate for older people who live in nursing homes and other facilities.

“I see too much of how it can be,” Carle said.

“If you don’t have money, being 100 can be … Well, it’s not always pretty.”

Stresses for all

For Kahan and her 100-something cohorts, the cost of living isn’t cheap.

Though studies show centenarians generally are more physically robust than other older people, age is still age. About half of the 100-something crowd in the United States has some form of dementia, and most of those people need full-time care.

And even among those with little or no cognitive decline, only a small fraction can live on their own without someone – paid or otherwise – checking in every day to help them.

“My sons are all teachers. And they’ve arranged their schedules, they rotate, so they can stay with me,” said Rudolph Marcus, a 101-year-old chemist and former Caltech professor who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1992.

“That helps me continue with my work,” Marcus said. “I still think about my work every day, to be honest. Some problems I can still solve, some I can’t.

“But I could not do any of that without their help.”

Marcus, who won the Nobel for his work on how electrons jump from atom to atom (something that affects the functionality of solar panels and electric cars, among other things), is an outlier. He lives in the same Pasadena house he shared with his late wife, Laura, who died in 2003. Most people his age live in some kind of congregate setting, which in Southern California can run $5,000 to $15,000 a month.

Given that many newly minted centenarians have outlived their retirement savings, or didn’t have much to begin with, the cost of that care often falls to families and the government.

Soon, half of that equation might change.

A proposal being debated in Congress this month could include big cuts to Medicaid, the federal program that helps pay the costs of long-term care for, among others, centenarians. Those cuts, if passed, could result in lower-quality care or, in some cases, displacement. Other proposed Medicaid adjustments could reduce compensation for in-home care, making it tough for centenarians to live without family help.

For families who don’t want to hire out, or who can’t, the costs of centenarian care can run deeper than money.

Unlike younger retirees, whose adult children typically are young enough to still be working, the children of centenarians often are aged themselves – typically in their 70s or 80s. For them, providing care for an aging parent can be devastating, financially and otherwise.

“In many of the cultures that are common in Los Angeles, it’s an honor to care for your aging relatives,” said Heather Cooper Ortner, chief executive of Alzheimer’s Los Angeles, a nonprofit that helps provide services to people and families battling dementia.

“So it isn’t about people being unwilling to do this, or seeing it as a burden. That’s not always the case,” she said.

“But caring for older people can present an incredible level of stress for family caregivers,” Cooper Ortner added. Food, medical questions and appointments, bathing, bathroom help, fall prevention – caring for a centenarian is, literally, a full-time job. For a child in her 80s, it can be too much.

“It’s not uncommon to see a caregiver pass away before the person they’re caring for,” Cooper Ortner said.

“It’s a very complicated dynamic.”

Survive, delay, escape

The first public service messages warning Americans that smoking causes cancer started airing on television in 1967. A few years later, jogging became a national craze and, over the next two decades, about 25 million Americans started going for a run as a regular part of their lives. Less red meat. More sunblock. Meditation. All of it means one thing:

If you’re on deck to turn 100 this year, you’ve spent about half your life in a world where the phrase “healthy lifestyle” wasn’t a punchline.

It’s one reason, though not the biggest, that explains why so many people are living so long. People who study centenarians – and there are hundreds of aging experts looking into the topic in the United States, Japan and Europe – say genetics and the sheer power of population numbers are even bigger factors.

“At the turn of the last century, life expectancy was about 50. But a lot of things – cleaner water, prevention of infant deaths, antibiotics – made it so a lot more people made it into adulthood. That just means there are a lot more people who are going to have the opportunity to hit 100,” said Andersen, of the New England Centenarian Study.

But at least one projection suggests population numbers alone are only part of the broader trend. Even as more people, overall, hit 100, the ratio of people who reach that age is skyrocketing. According to United Nations data, Japan currently has about 12 centenarians for every 10,000 residents (the ratio in the U.S. is about 3 in 10,000). By 2050, the ratio in Japan will be about 40 out of every 10,000, and in the U.S., it’ll be about 14 out of 10,000.

“Having good, healthy habits can get you about 10 years longer. And it definitely makes those years better, which is important,” Andersen said. “But it doesn’t necessarily get you to 100.”

Genes might.

Andersen said there is no single “centenarian gene.” Instead, researchers have identified about 200 different genes to date that do age-related things like reduce inflammation and boost immune systems. People who have certain combinations of those genes have significantly better odds of making it to 100.

“We’re still trying to understand the relationships between protective genes,” Andersen said. “But it’s more about genetics than we once believed. And we’re learning more about that all the time.”

The New England Centenarian Study, which started in 1994, has tracked the lives of more than 1,800 centenarians, including 123 so-called “supercentenarians,” meaning people who made it to 110 or older. It’s also looked at more than 600 of their children, and more than 400 so-called “controlled” subjects, (usually spouses and relatives of spouses), as a way to identify the balance between genetics, lifestyle and other factors when it comes to cracking 100.

They’ve learned, so far, that so-called “exceptional longevity” – meaning the likelihood of making it to 100 — runs in families. They’ve also learned that many people who tend to live so long hit age-related illnesses later in life, and that they often compress their debilitations into shorter windows.

“Centenarians spend about 10% of their lives with a chronic illness. Others spend about 20% of their lives in that kind of situation, on average,” Andersen said.

The study has identified three basic types of centenarians. About 4 in 10 (43%) are “delayers,” meaning they didn’t experience age-related diseases, like dementia, until age 80 or later. Another 4 in 10 (42%) are “survivors,” meaning they made it to 100 even though they’ve been battling some kind of disease since before their 80th birthday. And about 1 in 7 (15%) are “escapers,” or people who, even at 100, don’t have any age-related disease.

Marcus, the chemist from Caltech, is probably an escaper.

“I don’t play tennis anymore. And I don’t ski. My sight doesn’t really allow it. But otherwise I feel pretty much the same,” he said.

When asked if he’s still learning about himself, at age 101, or if he’s got any advice to someone hoping to live well at his age, Marcus said yes and demurred.

“I’m learning every day. I try to live in the moment. I’d like to think I don’t live in the past and I never thought too much about the future, even when I was younger. And I definitely don’t do it now, at my age,” Marcus said, laughing.

“But I wouldn’t know if that’s what other people should or shouldn’t do,” he added. “It’s just the way I’ve always been.”

Kahan is probably a delayer. She doesn’t have dementia, but she said she battles health issues she declined to offer in detail.

She did offer one tip.

“Every day. I watch some TV, I talk with my friend. I enjoy my day,” Kahan said.

“But time passes very quickly,” she added. “Even at my age, it doesn’t slow down. And I think that means something.”

Anyone interested in participating in the New England Centenarian Study can call 888-333-6327 or email agewell@bu.edu.

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