By JONATHAN J. COOPER and AMELIA THOMSON-DEVEAUX, Associated Press

WASHINGTON (AP) — In the tumultuous political climate marked by this year’s assassinations of conservative activist Charlie Kirk in Utah and a Democratic legislator in Minnesota, younger adults are less worried about political violence than older adults, according to a new AP-NORC poll.

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About 4 in 10 U.S. adults are concerned about political violence directed at conservatives or liberals, the poll from The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research found, but anxiety about violence on either side of the political spectrum is lower among young adults.

There’s also a substantial partisan divide, with Republicans and Democrats expressing high concern about violence against their own side — and fewer saying they’re worried about violence against the other side.

When it comes to fundamental rights, U.S. adults are most likely to say that freedom of speech and freedom of the press are facing a major threat. Fewer Americans see threats to the right to vote and the right to bear arms.

“I worry because anytime political violence happens, it seems like it can be a snowball effect,” said Ryan Striker, a 34-year-old music teacher in Manchester, New Hampshire, who is liberal but politically independent and opposes President Donald Trump.

In June, state lawmaker Melissa Hortman and her husband were shot to death in their home and state Sen. John Hoffman and his wife were wounded in what the Justice Department called the shooter’s “calculated plan to inflict fear and violence upon Minnesota elected officials and their families.” Kirk was shot dead in September while addressing an audience on the campus of Utah Valley University in what authorities also called an act of political violence.

Younger adults are less worried about violence, free speech threats

The poll found that 44% of U.S. adults are “extremely” or “very” concerned about political violence directed at conservative political figures or organizations. A similar percentage, 41%, are concerned about violence directed at liberal figures and groups.

There’s a large divide among generations, however.

About half of adults age 60 and older are highly concerned about political violence directed at conservatives or liberals, compared with about 3 in 10 adults under 30.

“I remember Kent State. I was around then,” said Tony DiGiovine, a 74-year-old musician and retired electrical engineer from Phoenix and a Democrat. “The National Guard really isn’t trained to patrol our streets. Neither are our armed forces. Something’s going to go wrong.”

The National Guard shot and killed unarmed students who were protesting the Vietnam War at Kent State University in 1970.

There’s a similar generational pattern when it comes to concern about limitations on liberals’ and conservatives’ free speech.

About 4 in 10 U.S. adults overall are “extremely” or “very” concerned about threats to conservatives’ or liberals’ free speech. But among adults ages 60 and older, about half are highly concerned about threats to conservatives’ free speech, while only about one-quarter of adults under 30 say the same. There’s a smaller but still substantial gap for liberals.

Fundamental rights seen as threatened

Asked whether various fundamental rights were under threat, the poll found about half of U.S. adults see a “major” threat to freedom of speech and about 4 in 10 say the same about the freedom of the press. Fewer, about 3 in 10, say there are significant threats to the right to vote and the right to keep and bear arms.

There was no age divide among Americans who see a “major” threat to free speech. The finding suggests that younger adults do think freedom of speech is threatened, but they’re less personally concerned about how it could affect liberals or conservatives than older adults.

“It’s concerning that we seem to be getting to the point where we stop talking, we stop compromising, and people vilify their opponents,” said Craig Tenhoff, 58, an independent of Simi Valley, California.

Only about 2 in 10 adults under 30 say the right to vote faces a “major” threat, compared with about 4 in 10 adults ages 60 and older.

Republicans worry about violence against conservatives, Democrats worry about it against liberals

U.S. adults who identify with a party are more likely to be worried about violence against organizations or figures that share their ideology, while most independents are not highly concerned about political violence in general.

About 6 in 10 Republicans are “extremely” or “very” concerned about political violence directed at conservative political figures or organizations, while only 27% are highly concerned about political violence directed at liberal political figures or organizations.

On the other hand, about 6 in 10 Democrats are “extremely” or “very” concerned about political violence directed at liberal political figures and organizations, while 38% are highly concerned about political violence directed at conservatives.

These findings are particularly pronounced among people at extreme ends of the political spectrum: Conservative Republicans and liberal Democrats are much likelier to be concerned about violence directed at their side than more moderate members of their coalition.

About one-quarter of independents are “extremely” or “very” concerned about political violence directed at conservatives or liberals.

Max Anderson, an independent who describes himself as liberal, said he’s concerned about violence from across the political spectrum.

“I think a lot of people my age aren’t generally doing good right now,” said Anderson, a 23-year-old college student in Fort Collins, Colorado. “So I think all of a sudden, those more extreme avenues of action just feel like a better option.”

There are major partisan divides about the extent to which freedom of speech, freedom of the press and the right to vote are currently threatened. About two-thirds of Democrats say freedom of speech and freedom of the press are facing a “major threat,” while only about 3 in 10 of Republicans say this about freedom of speech and about 2 in 10 say this about freedom of the press.

Jeff Milligan, a 72-year-old Republican from Logan, Ohio, said he’s more concerned about violence directed at conservatives than liberals. Milligan used to be more worried about threats to fundamental rights than he is now.

What changed for him?

“President Trump was elected,” he said.

The AP-NORC poll of 1,289 adults was conducted Oct. 9-13, using a sample drawn from NORC’s probability-based AmeriSpeak Panel, which is designed to be representative of the U.S. population. The margin of sampling error for adults overall is plus or minus 3.8 percentage points.

Cooper reported from Phoenix.

By Shaylah Brown, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

I first tried Rasta pasta six years ago.

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My friend was hosting her birthday party, a paint-and-sip night in Brooklyn. She is Jamaican and Nigerian, so I wasn’t surprised to find the creamy Jamaican dish on the menu. When I had the first bite, I knew immediately that I would be getting seconds and maybe thirds. I was enticed.

The dish is a Jamaican play on Italian alfredo pasta. Think jerk seasoning, Scotch bonnet peppers, ginger and thyme. Right away, I wanted to understand how to replicate it in a way that suited my dietary needs as a vegetarian leaning toward veganism who also avoids dairy products.

It was in 2021, while dating a guy who is Jamaican by way of India and Costa Rica, that I first made the Jamaican pasta dish. About a month into getting to know one another, in an effort to be impressive, the words “I am great at making Rasta pasta” escaped my mouth — even though at that point I had only tasted it.

But I had a jerk seasoning recipe from a good college friend from the Virgin Islands, and I thought to myself: How hard could it be?

Surprisingly, it turned out amazing, and I have since dubbed myself a Rasta pasta expert and connoisseur. From my practice with vegetarian cooking, I believe it’s because of the coconut milk.

October is Vegetarian Awareness Month, and as a flavorful introduction to this plant-based lifestyle, I tested a three-course vegan meal that sings the plant milk’s praises.

Beyond its many nutritional benefits, coconut milk adds a subtle sweetness to cooking, making it the star of any dish. October to December is also peak season for coconut, so it’s the throughline for the pasta dinner that starts with a spicy tom yum salad and concludes with no-bake coconut-chocolate doughnuts for dessert.

I know the three dishes may not seem like they go together but they actually do, as Thai and Caribbean food both have Indian influences.

There is a historical context to this through the migration — sometimes forced — of Indians to the Caribbean as indentured servants under the British between 1838 and 1920. This created an Indo-Caribbean influence that shows up in places like Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana and led to different foodways.

India also conducted trade with Southeast Asia, specifically Thailand, so it’s not unusual to see roti and curries on both Caribbean and Thai menus.

When I looked at both flavor profiles, I understood that there was a nexus. Many of the ingredients in the bright tom yum salad, like ginger, lemon grass and garlic, could also translate to the Rasta pasta.

The original recipe for the salad calls for six Thai chiles, but if you’re sensitive to spice, use fewer. I also added coconut oil to the salad dressing mix as a way to tie two foods that would not typically go together, and substituted Thai chiles for the (very hot) Scotch bonnet peppers typically called for in the pasta sauce. Both dishes are citrusy and extremely colorful.

For vegetarians and vegans alike, the meal is nutrient-dense, an important consideration when adopting a plant-based lifestyle. That includes the spring mix salad, which features the refreshing addition of mint, cilantro, tomatoes and lemon grass and is garnished with scallions.

Rasta pasta typically is used in a sauce made with heavy cream and butter, spinach and bell pepper, and mixed with chicken and shrimp. To make it vegan, I used portobello mushrooms instead, which have the same tender texture as meat. Sautéing the peppers first allows the mushrooms and shallots to soak up extra flavors.

To add the requisite spice, I used three types of jerk seasoning — Walkerswood jerk seasoning paste , a salt-free jerk seasoning blend from Penzeys Spices in the Strip District and dry rub Island Spice jerk seasoning — but you can also make your own personal blend. The heat in this dish is subtle because the coconut milk tones it down.

The no-bake coconut chocolate doughnuts served for dessert reemphasize the coconut flavor, both in the dough and the icing. I completely botched the round cakes on my first try, so I offer a small piece of advice: Do not go overboard on the coconut milk!

“As needed” can be quite subjective, but if you use too much as I did initially, you’ll end up with a soupy dessert.

The end result was an unexpected pairing of flavors. But I feel it was a perfect way to enjoy a delicious Vegetarian Awareness Month.

Spicy Tom Yum Salad

PG tested

Vegan chili paste — I used the Thai Home brand — and brown sugar add a spicy-sweet kick to this salad dressing. A cucumber garnish tones down the heat.

For salad dressing

6 Thai chiles, finely chopped

2 tablespoons of minced garlic

1/4 cup brown sugar

2 tablespoons of lime juice

3 tablespoons of tamari or liquid aminos

1/2 teaspoon of salt

1 tablespoon vegan Thai sweet chili paste (nam prik pao) or sambal oelek chili paste

For salad

6 tablespoons finely sliced lemongrass

6 tablespoons of finely sliced kaffir lime leaves or lemon thyme

1 cup chopped cilantro

1 cup chopped mint leaves

8 grape tomatoes, halved

1 teaspoon vegetable or coconut oil

3 cups spring salad

1/3 cup of chopped scallions, for garnish

Sliced cucumber, for garnish

In a small bowl, whisk together the salad dressing ingredients until sugar is dissolved and mixture is smooth and well combined, about 5 minutes. Transfer to the refrigerator.

Place chopped lemongrass, lime leaves, cilantro and mint leaves in a large bowl with tomatoes and shallots. Toss with oil. Add spring salad mix to the bowl and toss the ingredients together.

Pour salad dressing over the mixture and gently toss to coat.

Divide on salad plates using tongs. Garnish with sliced scallions and sliced cucumber.

Serves 6.

— adapted from “Vegan Thai Kitchen” by Sarah Jansala with Rendo Jansala

Rasta Pasta

PG tested

I used Veggie Craft Rotini pasta, which is made of quinoa, cauliflower and lentils, all of which are a good source of iron for vegans and vegetarians.

You can buy jerk seasoning at a spice shop, Caribbean or Mexican market or on Amazon. You can also make a jerk seasoning at home with a blend with peppercorns, cayenne pepper, paprika, thyme, coriander, red pepper flakes, Scotch bonnet pepper, garlic, ginger, cumin, onion powder and salt and black pepper.

For pasta sauce

1 14-ounce can coconut milk

1/2 cup jerk seasoning blend

1/4 cup maple syrup or honey

1 tablespoon minced garlic

1 tablespoon vegetable oil

2 tablespoons cumin

1 tablespoon coriander

1 lemon, halved and squeezed, or 1/3 cup of lemon juice

1 bay leaf or sprig of thyme

1/4 cup lemon thyme

2 Thai chiles, chopped

For pasta

8 ounces dry pasta

1/3 cup olive oil

1 large red bell pepper

1 large green bell pepper

1 large yellow bell pepper

1 tablespoon minced garlic

1 shallot, chopped

2 cups chopped mushrooms

1/2 cup of frozen spinach cup or 1 cup of fresh spinach

1/2 teaspoon salt

1/2 teaspoon black pepper

1/3 cup chopped lemon grass, for garnish

1/2 cup of chopped scallions, for garnish

Place all sauce ingredients in a saucepan and bring to boil. Reduce to low heat and cook for 20 minutes, stirring occasionally. Once finished, keep warm on very low heat.

Meanwhile bring a pot of water to boil. Add pasta, and cook for 8 minutes, then drain and set aside in a large pot.

Heat oil in a saute pan, then add sliced peppers and cook until their color is still bright, but they have browned slightly and are aromatic. When cooked, chop and then add to the pot of pasta.

To the same saute pan, add garlic and shallots and saute until tender and aromatic, about 2 minutes.

Add chopped mushrooms and cook until they release their liquid. Then add spinach along with salt and pepper.

Once mushrooms are browned and tender, remove the mixture and add to pasta.

Pour warm sauce over the mixture, and toss to combine with a large spoon.

Place two scoops of pasta in a bowl, and top with sliced lemongrass and scallions.

Serves 6.

— Shaylah Brown, Post-Gazette

Coconut Chocolate Doughnuts

PG tested

This recipe is easy but takes some time. After shaping the dough into doughnuts, you’ll need to place the rounds in the freezer for about 2 hours to set.

For doughnuts

1 cup oat flour

1 cup coconut flour, plus more for dusting

1/4 cup cacao or cocoa powder

2 tablespoons carob powder

1 pinch Himalayan salt

1 cup gooey, pitted dates

1/4 cup maple syrup

1 teaspoon vanilla extract

1/2 cup coconut milk

1/4 cup coconut oil, plus more for pan

For icing

1/4 cup maple syrup

1/4 cup coconut oil

1/4 cup almond butter

1/4 cup cacao powder

1/4 tablespoon vanilla extract

1/4 cup of coconut milk

Place oat and coconut flours, cacao and carob powders, salt, dates, maple syrup, vanilla and coconut milk in a food processor, and pulse at medium speed until combined. Gradually add in coconut oil until you get a smooth, dough-like consistency. If you do not have a food processor, chop dates very fine and mix in a bowl with other ingredients.

Place the mixture to the side while you make icing.

In blender, combine maple syrup, coconut oil, almond butter, cacao, vanilla extract and coconut milk and blend until smooth and creamy. Alternatively, mix the ingredients by hand in a bowl until you have a pourable consistency.

Line a baking sheet with parchment paper and lightly oil it with coconut oil.

Mold doughnut mixture into 4 small mounds, pressing in the center to create a hole, then place each doughnut on the baking sheet about 2 inches apart.

Place baking sheet in freezer and allow doughnuts to set for at least 2 hours, then remove from freezer and allow them to thaw (this should take about 30-45 minutes).

Pour icing into bowl, and dip doughnuts into icing to coat.

Transfer doughnuts to a dessert plate, top with slivered almonds and a dusting of coconut flour, and serve at room temperature.

Serves 4. — adapted from “The Ultimate Vegan Cookbook: The Must-Have Resource for Plant-Based Eaters” by Emily von Euw, Kathy Hester, Linda and Alex Meyer, Marie Reginato, Celine Steen and Amber St. Peter

©2025 PG Publishing Co. Visit at post-gazette.com. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.

By Michelle Andrews, KFF Health News

For people whose autumn agenda includes getting vaccinated against respiratory diseases — COVID, flu, and, for some, RSV — this year may be surprisingly routine.

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Following several confusing months this summer when federal officials announced and then retreated from changes to COVID vaccine recommendations, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Oct. 6 announced updated fall immunization schedules that are not that different from last year’s. That should clear the way for most people who want shots this fall to get them, public health experts say.

“From a patient’s experience, there shouldn’t be anything different from what they’ve experienced in the past, except maybe they’ll get a little more information from the pharmacist,” said Hannah Fish, senior director of strategic initiatives at the National Community Pharmacists Association.

Here’s what you need to know:

COVID vaccine

This fall, the COVID vaccine is recommended for everyone 6 months or older, with one caveat. People need to have a conversation with their provider first, a model called “shared clinical decision-making.” Providers can be doctors, pharmacists, or the health professionals giving the shots. For people younger than 65, the CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices emphasized that vaccination is generally more beneficial for those who are at higher risk for severe COVID.

Although the shots are recommended for the same age range as last year, there are a few possible wrinkles. Even though the CDC’s approval is broad and means that health plans have to cover the shot without charging consumers for it, some providers may balk at giving the vaccine to people under 65 unless they have an underlying condition that puts them at risk for severe COVID if they get infected. That’s what the Food and Drug Administration’s label for the COVID vaccine advises.

“It’s a nuance that could occur in an interaction between a provider and a patient,” said Jen Kates, a senior vice president and the director of global and public health policy at KFF, a health information nonprofit that includes KFF Health News.

However, if a provider refused to administer the shot to a healthy person because doing so would be “off-label,” another provider would probably be willing to give someone the jab, experts said.

“They could go to a different pharmacy,” Kates said.

Many states have stepped in to ensure that people can get vaccines if they want them, according to a KFF analysis. Twenty-one states and the District of Columbia have adopted recommendations that are broader than those of the federal government, Kates said.

However, the percentage of people opting to get the COVID vaccine continues to drop. At the end of April, 23% of adults said they had received the current vaccine, according to the CDC.

With uptake so low, fewer pharmacies and doctors may choose to stock the shot this year, said Jeff Levin-Scherz, a primary care doctor who is the population health leader for the management consultancy WTW and an assistant professor at Harvard’s Chan School of Public Health.

Large chains, including CVS and Walgreens, say they have enough supply available to meet demand.

The additional hoops people might have to go through — such as having to find a different pharmacy or physician — could have an impact on uptake of the COVID shot, though.

“To get more people to get vaccines, the key is making vaccination really easy and to take steps out,” Levin-Scherz said.

Influenza vaccine

More people seek out the flu vaccine than the COVID vaccine, but even so, only 47% of adults got a shot last flu season.

The CDC recommends that virtually everyone 6 months or older get a flu shot annually. This year is no different. The shots should be widely available at pharmacies and physician offices, and health plans will cover the shots without charging people for them.

The federal Department of Health and Human Services announced in July that flu vaccines must not contain thimerosal, a preservative that prevents bacterial growth in vaccines. There is no evidence that the mercury-based additive, which has been used for decades, is harmful, according to vaccine researchers. Last year, the CDC estimated that only 6% of flu vaccines use thimerosal as a preservative.

RSV vaccine

This vaccine protects against respiratory syncytial virus, a highly contagious seasonal virus that infects the lungs and respiratory tract. Although symptoms are typically mild, RSV can lead to serious lung infections, particularly in older people.

A vaccine was approved in 2023. The CDC recommends it for everyone 75 or older and for people 50 to 74 who have medical conditions that put them at risk for severe disease.

People who meet the criteria should be able to get the RSV vaccine at their local pharmacy, Fish said.

The RSV vaccine is not an annual vaccine. If you’ve already received it, you don’t need to get it again, according to current guidelines.

©2025 KFF Health News. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.