Campbell, Beg, Worah: The US needs a national fusion strategy before our lead in energy slips away

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Fusion has been in the news a lot recently given its promise as an abundant and clean source of energy that could help power the AI revolution.

Late last year, the Trump administration overhauled the Department of Energy by phasing out several clean‑energy offices while shifting the focus to fusion (along with AI, quantum and critical minerals). The Trump Media & Technology Group then announced a merger with TAE Technologies, a fusion company based in Irvine. And just last month the Canadian company General Fusion announced it was also going public.

Although these developments have created a lot of buzz among investors, far more than splashy headlines are needed to address the physics and engineering challenges for commercial fusion to become a reality. And without a coordinated national strategy, the United States could lose its lead in fusion, a field that will be required for any country’s “energy dominance” in the future.

We are in the middle of a long-term geopolitical race: China, Europe and the U.K. have been pouring billions into fusion development. If the U.S. wants fusion energy to power our economy in the next decades and beyond, now is the time to double down.

For more than 75 years, humans have sought to harness the power of fusion — the energy source for the sun and all other stars in the universe. Yet it’s only in the last few years that U.S. researchers at California’s Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have achieved the holy grail of ignition, when controlled fusion reactions can produce more energy than that supplied. This discovery, along with the development of high-temperature super conducting magnets, has led to a surge in private investments, with fusion start-ups raising four times more capital ($7.1 billion) in the last four years than ever raised before, according to data from the Fusion Industry Assn.

U.S. fusion companies and national laboratories have led the funding and have made the most scientific progress to date. It now feels as though the U.S. is closer than ever to commercialization due to breakthroughs like superconducting magnets, high-powered lasers, efficient pulsed power machines and the use of AI in materials and plasma physics.

But isolated breakthroughs alone won’t win the global race. Strategy will. The question now is whether the U.S. will use this moment to build and fund a coherent national plan for fusion energy or watch other nations reap the economic and strategic rewards of a technology American scientists did so much to advance over the last few decades.

Why does this matter? Fusion is not just particularly well-suited to the energy-hungry AI revolution, but its promise of affordable, abundant, 24/7 dispatchable energy that is modular and localized will determine who leads in advanced manufacturing, space systems, chemicals and national defense. Every nation with global ambitions understands this. That’s why European and Japanese governments have set aggressive timelines for developing facilities capable of generating fusion energy, and why China has built a strong government-funded reactor engineering program that lays the foundation for a pipeline from university labs to fusion pilot plants.

What should a national fusion strategy look like for the U.S.? Three steps stand out.

First, diversify federal funding.

Historically, most fusion dollars have gone to magnetic‑confinement programs, which involve large and complex magnetic fields that confine the fusion fuel plasma. But the landscape has changed. Breakthroughs in lasers, hybrid methods, advanced materials and superconducting magnets have broadened the field. In addition to continued support for magnetic confinement devices, the U.S. should expand support for promising alternative approaches. Research into materials, reactor engineering and other challenges common to most fusion approaches should be accelerated.

Second, modernize permitting.

Fusion is fundamentally different, and significantly cleaner and safer than nuclear fission. Although there are issues to be addressed related to the variant of hydrogen that serves as the fuel in most fusion reactors, and the shielding from the large amounts of neutrons produced, unlike fission, there is no chain reaction, no meltdown risk and no high‑level waste requiring deep geological storage. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission has already recognized this by placing most fusion facilities under a streamlined regulatory framework. Other federal and state agencies should follow suit. Permitting should take months, not years.

Third, strengthen public‑private partnerships where the government directly supports the research at private companies in collaboration with universities and the national laboratories.

The Department of Energy has launched strong pilot programs, including its Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy initiatives, the Innovation Network for Fusion Energy (INFUSE) industry‑lab consortium and the Milestone‑Based Fusion Development Program. Still, the scale remains minuscule compared to the opportunity.

National laboratories bring world‑class diagnostics, materials science and computing power. Companies bring rapid advancement. Fusion will arrive fastest when these strengths work in tandem. Congress should expand these public-private models to support greater collaboration.

We also need to address a final essential ingredient: workforce development. On the one hand, we need to make it easy for top fusion scientists and engineers to come to the U.S. and stay here. We should create explicit carve-outs in O-1 visas and STEM green-card categories for fusion talent.

On the other hand, once the basic research is done, most fusion company employees will not be PhD scientists but rather engineers and technicians who can build things and keep them working. We should develop specific programs geared to this future large-scale and well-paying industry at four-year, two-year and at vocational institutions.

Fusion won’t arrive by accident. It will arrive because America chooses to lead strategically, boldly, and with the urgency this moment demands. The DOE reorganization has opened a door; it acknowledges that fusion belongs at the center of America’s energy and technology priorities. What matters is what comes next.

Mike Campbell is a professor of practice at UC San Diego and president of Fusion Power Associates. He previously led fusion programs at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Farhat Beg is a professor at UC San Diego, where he leads the fusion energy program, and vice president of Fusion Power Associates. Mihir Worah is the chief executive of MIFTI Fusion. They wrote this column for the Los Angeles Times.

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Matt K. Lewis: Nation’s challenge after Trump will be to seek justice, not retribution

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President Donald Trump’s aura of invincibility is starting to vanish. Three new polls — including the usually Trump-hospitable Rasmussen — suggest that Joe Biden did a better job as president.

Worse still (for Trump), he’s underwater on immigration, foreign policy and the economy — the very trifecta that powered his return. An incumbent taking on water like that is no longer steering the ship of state, he’s bobbing in the deep end, reaching for a Mar-a-Lago pool noodle.

To be fair, Democrats have a proud tradition of snatching defeat from the jaws of victory. But suppose — purely hypothetically — that this sticks. Suppose Democrats win the midterms. And suppose a Democrat captures the White House in 2028.

Then what?

Trumpism isn’t a political movement so much as a recurring event. You don’t defeat it; you board up the windows and wait.

Even if Trump does not attempt a third term (a gambit the Constitution frowns upon), he will remain the dominant gravitational force in Republican politics for as long as he is sentient and within Wi-Fi range.

Which means any Democratic administration that follows would be well-advised to consider it is governing on borrowed time. In American politics, you are always one scandal, one recession or one deepfake video away from packing your belongings into a cardboard box.

Trump’s MAGA successor (whoever he or she might be) will inherit millions of ardent believers, now seasoned by experience, backed by tech billionaires and steeped in an authoritarian worldview.

So how exactly does the country “move on” when a sizable slice of its elite class appears to regard liberal democracy as more of an anachronism than a governing philosophy?

This is not an entirely new dilemma. After the Civil War, Americans had to decide whether to reconcile with the rebels or punish them or some mix of the two — and the path chosen by federal leaders shaped the next century through Reconstruction, Jim Crow and the long struggle for civil rights.

At Nuremberg, the Allies opted for trials instead of firing squads. Later, South Africa’s post-apartheid government attempted to achieve reconciliation via truth.

Each moment wrestled with the same problem: How do you impose consequences without becoming the very thing you were fighting in the first place — possibly sparking a never-ending cycle of revenge?

Which brings us to even more specific questions, such as where does Trumpism fit into this historical context — and should there be any accountability after MAGA?

Start with Trump himself. Even if he is legally immune regarding official acts, what about allegations of corruption? Trump and his family have amassed billions since returning to office.

It is difficult to picture a future Democratic administration hauling him into court, especially if Trump grants himself broad pardons and preemptive clemency on his way out of office.

So if accountability comes, it would probably target figures in his orbit — lieutenants, enablers, assorted capos not covered by pardons. But is even this level of accountability wise?

On one hand, it is about incentives and deterrence. If bad actors get to keep the money and their freedom, despite committing crimes, they (and imitators) will absolutely return for an encore.

On the other hand, a Democratic president might reasonably decide that voters would prefer lower grocery bills to more drama.

Trump himself offers a cautionary tale. He devoted enormous energy to retribution, grievance and settling scores. It is at least conceivable that he might have been in stronger political shape had he devoted comparable attention to, say, affordability.

There is also the uncomfortable fact that the past Trump indictments strengthened him politically. Nothing energizes a base like the words “They’re coming for me,” especially when followed by the words “and you’ll be next,” next to a fundraising link. Do Democrats want to create new martyrs and make rank-and-file Americans feel like “deplorables” who are being persecuted for their political beliefs?

So perhaps the answer is surgical. Focus on ringleaders. Spare the small fry. Proceed in sober legal tones. Make it about the law, not the spectacle.

Even this compromise would invite a backlash. Democrats, it seems, are damned if they do and damned if they don’t.

The good news is that smart people are actively debating this topic — far better than trying to improvise a solution on Inauguration Day — just as similar questions were asked after Trump lost in 2020. A few weeks ago, for example, David Brooks and David Frum discussed this topic on Frum’s podcast.

Unfortunately, there is no tidy answer. Too much punishment risks looking like vengeance. Too little risks sparking another sequel.

It may sound melodramatic to say this might be the most important question of our time. But while this republic has endured a lot, it might not survive the extremes of amnesia or revenge.

Choosing the narrow path in between will require something rarer than a landslide victory: justice with restraint.

But do we have what it takes?

Matt K. Lewis is the author of “Filthy Rich Politicians” and “Too Dumb to Fail.” He wrote this column for the Los Angeles Times.

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Here’s what happens at a sensory-friendly live performance

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A production at Children’s Theatre Company seems like the definition of a sensory overload. The theater produces big, loud and colorful shows full of over-the-top characters like the Grinch and the denizens of Oz. Its mission statement promises “extraordinary theater experiences that educate, challenge and inspire young people and their communities.”

And yet, for a decade now, CTC leadership has worked with Twin Cities mental health nonprofit Fraser to create special, sensory-friendly performances for kids on the autism spectrum and other neurodivergent people. For each production, the theater typically offers a pair of performances, a Friday evening show and Sunday matinee, designated as sensory-friendly. Two took place this week for “Go, Dog. Go!” and the company will stage them again for “Dinosaur World Live” and “The Wizard of Oz” later this spring.

“It’s definitely a delicate balance,” said Gina Brady, Fraser’s sensory supports and training program manager. “We don’t want it to feel like a watered-down performance or completely change the story or things like that. We still want people to have the authentic experience that they’re trying to get.”

Making theater comfortable

So how to they do it?

It’s about establishing a more relaxed attitude in the audience, Brady said. That means allowing audience members to move around and make more noise than is typically acceptable in a theater setting.

House lights usually stay up, some volumes are reduced and strobe lights and the like are skipped. A quiet room is available for the overstimulated in need of cooling down. CTC even offers theatergoers the opportunity to “meet your seat” prior to the production in order to reduce stress for those in unfamiliar territory.

The idea isn’t to change the audience members, but to make the experience more comfortable and relatable.

“It kind of puts the responsibility on the business to make the modifications, to make it as inclusive and accessible to many members of the community, rather than expecting that each member of the community fit themselves perfectly into this mold that society has told them that they have to fit into,” Brady said.

Sensory-friendly events are increasingly common

The concept of sensory-friendly performances began to take shape in Twin Cities arts organizations in the mid ’10s, said Brady, whose first experience with one was “The Lion King” at the Orpheum Theatre in 2016.

Today, such performances and other resources like sound-dampening headphones and sensory-friendly hours are common in organizations across the metro, including Minnesota Children’s Museum, Science Museum of Minnesota, Ordway Center for the Performing Arts, Guthrie Theater, Walker Art Center and Minnesota Orchestra.

While people on the autism spectrum make up a large part of these audiences, Brady uses the umbrella term neurodivergent to describe those who attend.

“We talk about it as people experiencing sensory differences, because it includes the autism spectrum and most of the neurodiversity umbrella. But it also includes people who have had past traumatic experiences, maybe people who have migraines or neurologic surgical conditions. Sometimes it’s just people who benefit from a more relaxed theater atmosphere, or people who don’t feel like they can comfortably go to a standard theater performance.”

Gina Brady and a theatergoer at the Hennepin Arts sensory-friendly performance of “The Lion King” at the Orpheum Theater in 2024. (Courtesy of Fraser)

When preparing a sensory-friendly performance, Brady meets with staff at a theater to tour the space and get an idea of the challenges they face. For CTC’s “Go, Dog. Go!,” she went to a standard performance to get a feel for the show and then made recommendations for modifications.

“For example, there’s a character who is blowing their whistle through the performance,” Brady said. “So I recommended that either that’s completely eliminated or maybe changed to something like a kazoo that’s not quite that same high frequency. They had some strobe lighting, so (they) modified that. The Children’s Theatre is wonderful, they’ve been doing this for 10 seasons and they are very open to feedback.”

Parents love it

The sensory-friendly performances are a hit with parents, said Michael Winn, CTC’s associate artistic director and director of equity and community partnerships.

“Oh, they love it. They love it,” Winn said. “Parents are very concerned about their children, but they’re also concerned about the actions of their children and how they come across to the general population. Their child can be their full self in this particular environment and not worry about how anybody else in the audience is reacting. It gives their child a place to be themselves.”

Katie Najjar knows that power firsthand. She has three children, and her youngest is a seven-year-old who was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder in 2021.

“There are a couple of challenges,” Najjar said. “He’s still pretty young. Sometimes we don’t know if he’ll like something, and he may react to not liking it in a way that’s not typical. He might yell or scream or want to run around. He also might enjoy it, but the way he moves his body or vocalizes might not be what most people would expect during a theater performance.”

After her son was diagnosed, Najjar didn’t know much about the available resources and began to learn about all things autism. She started volunteering as a classroom parent at Fraser School, where her son attends. Her background is in events and so she also began helping out with fundraising. When a marketing and development position at the nonprofit opened up in 2024, she took the leap and took the full-time job. All the while, her son was a Fraser client.

A sensory guide for a Children’s Theatre Company sensory-friendly performance. (Courtesy of Fraser)

Najjar began taking her son to various Fraser events. Now a first grader, her son recently went on a field trip to Stages Theatre Company in Hopkins.

“They have a wonderful sensory program,” she said. “And we discovered he loves live theater; he got a great kick out of it. And it was something we had never done before. He loved it so much, we’re planning on doing some more events at the Children’s Theatre Company.

“As a parent, you know that you’re among a group of people who are in the same boat and are accepting when everybody’s making different movements or vocalizing differently. It’s just a more relaxed and supportive environment, which is great.”

A possible entry point

Experiencing the arts in general is beneficial for everyone, Brady said. And sensory-friendly performances allow people to get those benefits as a whole family. One of the biggest recurring pieces of feedback she hears from parents is that it serves as a great entry point.

“People tell us they got more familiar with the building, with the environment, with the flow of how things work. It gave them the confidence to come back during a standard performance. That’s not going to be the case for everyone. Some people are really going to need the additional support and relaxed environment. But for those who had some anxiety around going the first time, they now they have more opportunities to go back to the standard performance.”

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So close you can see elephant eyelashes? Welcome to San Diego’s Elephant Valley

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SAN DIEGO — Before we see elephants at Elephant Valley in the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, we come face to face with destruction, only the wreckage is beautiful. A long, winding path takes guests around and under felled trees. Aged gray tree hunks form arches, for instance, over bridges that tower over clay-colored paths with hoof prints.

The design is meant to reorient us, to take us on a trail walked not by humans but traversed and carved by elephants, a creature still misunderstood, vilified and hunted for its cataclysmic-like ability to reshape land, and sometimes communities.

“It starts,” says Kristi Burtis, vice president of wildlife care for the Safari Park, “by telling the story that elephants are ecosystem engineers.”

Elephant Valley will open March 5 as the newest experience at the Escondido park, its aim to bring guests closer than ever to the zoo’s eight elephants, which range in age from 7 to 36, while more heavily focusing on conservation. The centerpiece of the 13-acre-plus parkland is a curved bridge overlooking a savanna, allowing elephants to walk under guests. But there are also nooks such as a cave that, while not previewed at a recent media event, will allow visitors to view elephants on their level.

In a shift from, say, the Safari Park’s popular tram tour, there are no fences and visible enclosures. Captive elephants remain a sometimes controversial topic, and the zoo’s herd is a mix of rescues and births, but the goal was to create a space where humans are at once removed and don’t impede on the relative free-roaming ability of the animals by keeping guests largely elevated. As an example of just how close people can get to the herd, there was a moment of levity at the event when one of the elephants began flinging what was believed to be a mixture of dirt and feces up onto the bridge.

“Our guests are going to be able to see the hairs on an elephant,” Burtis says. “They can see their eyes. They can see the eyelashes. They can see how muscular their trunks are. It’s really going to be a different experience.”

The view from Elephant Valley’s Mkutano House, a two-story dining destination in the new space at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. (Allen J. Schaben/Los Angeles Times/TNS)

Elephant Valley, complete with a multistory lodge with open-air restaurants and bars, boasts a natural design that isn’t influenced by the elephant’s African home so much as it is in conversation with it. The goal isn’t to displace us, but to import communal artistry — Kenyan wood and beadwork can be found in the pathways, resting spaces and more — as a show of admiration rather than imitation.

“We’re not going to pretend that we’re taking people to Africa,” says Fri Forjindam, now a creative executive with Universal’s theme parks but previously a lead designer on Elephant Valley via her role as a chief development officer at Mycotoo, a Pasadena-based experiential design firm.

“That is a slippery slope of theming that can go wrong really fast,” she adds. “How do we recognize where we are right now, which is near San Diego? How do we populate this plane with plants that are indigenous to the region? The story of coexistence is important. We’re not extracting from Africa, we’re learning. We’re not extracting from elephants, we’re sharing information.”

But designing a space that is elephant-first yet also built for humans presented multiple challenges, especially when the collaborating teams were aiming to construct multiple narratives around the animals. Since meetings about Elephant Valley began around 2019, the staff worked to touch on themes related to migration and conservation. And there was also a desire to personalize the elephants.

“Where can we also highlight each of the elephants by name, so they aren’t just this huge herd of random gray creatures?” Forjindam says. “You see that in the lodge.”

That lodge, the Mkutano House — a phrase that means “gathering” in Swahili — should provide opportunities for guests to linger, although zoo representatives say reservations are recommended for those who wish to dine in the space (there will also be a walk-up, to-go window). Menus have yet to be released, but the ground floor of the structure, boasting hut-like roofing designed to blend into the environment, features close views of the elephant grazing pool as well as an indoor space with a centerpiece tree beneath constellation-like lighting to mimic sunrises and sunsets.

Throughout there are animal wood carvings and beadwork, the latter often hung from sculptures made of tree branches. The ceiling, outfitted with colorful, cloth tapestries designed to move with the wind, aims to create less friction between indoor and outdoor environments.

There are, of course, research and educational goals of the space as well. The Safari Park works, for instance, with the Northern Rangelands Trust and Loisaba Conservancy in Kenya, with an emphasis on studying human-elephant conflict and finding no-kill resolutions. Nonprofits and conservation groups estimate that there are today around 415,000 elephants in Africa, and the African savanna elephant is listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Studies of the zoo’s young elephants is shared with the Reteti Elephant Sanctuary in the hopes of delivering care to elephant youth to prevent orphanage. Additionally, the Safari Park has done extensive examination into the endotheliotropic herpes virus. “The data that we collect from elephants here, you can’t simply get from elephants in the wild,” Burtis says.

One of the two entrances to Elephant Valley is outfitted with bee boxes; bees are known to be a natural elephant deterrent and can help in preventing the animals from disrupting crops or communities. To encourage more natural behavior, the plane is outfitted with timed feeders in an attempt to encourage movement throughout the acreage and establish a level of real-life unpredictability in hunting for resources. Water areas have been redesigned with ramps and steps to make it easier for the elephants to navigate.

With Elephant Valley, Forjindam says the goal was to allow visitors to “observe safely in luxury — whatever that is — but not from a position of power, more as a cohabitor of the Earth, with as much natural elements as possible. It’s not to impose dominance. Ultimately, it needed to feel natural. It couldn’t feel like a man-made structure, which is an antiquated approach to any sort of safari experience where animals are the product, a prize. In this experience, this is the elephant’s home.”

And the resulting feel of Elephant Valley is that we, the paying customers, are simply their house guests.

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