Editor’s Note: This story was originally reported by Candice Norwood of The 19th and is republished with permission. Read more of her reporting here on gender, politics, and policy.

Every survivor of sexual assault is forced to make a calculation: What are the repercussions if they speak out?

Dolores Huerta felt the weight of the entire labor rights movement, which she feared would crumble if she accused civil rights leader Cesar Chavez of sexual abuse.

“The weight of that calculation is the same weight for every single survivor in the farm worker industry,” attorney Karla Altmayer told The 19th. “They’re not thinking about the movement, but they’re thinking about: ‘Will my family be able to work next year?’ ‘Will I be abandoned in the field?’ ‘Will I be killed?’”

Huerta’s experience with sexual violence, and her reason for keeping it secret—first reported in a New York Times investigation—echoes a current of fear running through the farmworkers she spent her life advocating for. An estimated 26 percent of U.S. farmworkers are women, and they face disproportionate risk of sexual harassment and assault in their workplaces. A majority of women farmworkers are Latina and foreign-born. Data capturing the full scope of sexual violence they experience is scarce. 

One 2010 survey found that 80 percent of respondents—150 Mexican and Mexican-descent women working in the fields of California’s Central Valley—said they experienced some form of sexual harassment. A 2015 focus group with 49 Latina farmworkers in the Pacific Northwest found that a majority of participants experienced or witnessed sexual harassment or violence in the workplace.

Farms can hire workers directly for either permanent or seasonal work planting, tending, or harvesting crops. Other times, a crew leader or contractor, sometimes called a “foreman,” recruits and supervises workers who may travel together between farms for work. Another category of farmworkers are brought into the country under the H-2A program for seasonal work, and receive housing as part of their temporary work agreement.

“Migrant workers, specifically, are traveling throughout the seasons, following crops and harvest, and so [they’re dependent for] everything—from a glass of water to where their housing is, where they’re going to sleep at night, to eat, whether they have the equipment to cook, or whether they can even go to the bathroom in the field,” said Altmayer, who began her career representing Illinois farm workers and later co-founded the organization Healing to Action, which focused on addressing gender-based violence. “So, it’s just the conditions are so specific and so dependent on the employer in a way that many other industries don’t experience.”

The result is a power structure where their ability to secure and maintain job opportunities can depend on a pool of men who have the power to fire them, target their family members, report them to immigration officials, or harass and follow them beyond the workplace.

For more than 15 years, Elizabeth Torres has worked to document the experiences of farm workers facing sexual violence in the Yakima Valley of Washington state. Torres told The 19th that some warehouse facilities have a space known as “the cold room,” a designated place where young women and girls are taken and assaulted. Many of the women on farms are mothers who bring their children to work because of lack of child care or a need for more family income. 

What can happen next is often unexpected, such as comments from a male supervisor complimenting a child’s appearance, or coaxing a mother to leave her child alone, according to Torres, who is director of operations at the Spanish-language public radio station KDNA. 

If a woman is working in the fields with her husband or brother, for example, the foreman could assign the husband to one location and require the woman to work in a completely separate, more isolated spot where she can be assaulted.

Anali Cortez Bulosan and Josephine Weinberg, both attorneys with California Rural Legal Assistance, said that sexual harassment complaints from farmworkers are among the top three issues they handle in their work.

“The ones that come to us, generally, there’s been some shoddy investigation or attempt to resolve the matter, that basically didn’t resolve the matter. Or our client complained, and instead, the harassment continued or intensified until they couldn’t handle it anymore,” Weinberg said.

While some larger commercial farms have designated human resources teams that handle complaints, on other farms, the only person to complain to could be the abuser. Whether a large or small farm, workers have no guarantee that their complaints will lead to a remedy. 

Accumulating enough evidence to prove a case is one of the biggest challenges, according to Cortez Bulosan and Weinberg. Farms and supervisors also punish the workers.

“Most of the time there [is] what we call it under the law, ‘constructive discharge,’ where the conditions have become so hostile that the worker is quitting, but it’s a forced quit,” Weinberg said. “In effect, it’s like a termination because the conditions have gotten so bad. It’s considered a firing.”

While a worker can be blacklisted from other jobs for being a “problem employee,” a violent supervisor or foreman often continues to work, sometimes traveling to farms throughout the country. Going directly to the police also comes with a high cost, on top of being fired. Law enforcement dismiss assault claims because of personal bias or lack of evidence, advocates said. They may also check a worker’s immigration status and report to federal immigration agents.

In the documentary Rape in the Fields by PBS Frontline, a former Iowa sheriff stated that it was their job “to do both,” meaning address reports of assault and also work with immigration enforcement. “Puts the victim in an almost impossible situation,” he acknowledged.

“If you see law enforcement coming in to the plant and taking your co-workers,” immigration lawyer Sonia Parras said in the documentary, “you are not going to go to them the next day and say ‘By the way, can you help me?’”

Since the release of Rape in the Fields in 2013, and since the viral #MeToo movement in 2017 put a spotlight on sexual harassment and assault happening in Hollywood, politics, and beyond, some states and farming companies have made modest changes. In 2018, California enacted a law to require farm labor contractors to provide regular sexual harassment training and to document that training. The state also expanded its law requiring more employers to provide sexual harassment training. Before 2018, California employers with fewer than 50 employees were exempt from these state requirements. That threshold was then lowered to five employees.

In Washington state, Torres and Jody Early, a professor at the University of Washington-Bothell, co-created Basta, a community-driven initiative. Basta provides sexual harassment training and resources like videos, guides, and even a comic book aimed at informing farmworkers of their rights and helping to change the workplace culture that enables abuse.

Torres said that while some farms have improved their resources, for example, by establishing an anonymous hotline, there are others where “They haven’t even started talking about sexual harassment or harassment in the workplace,” she said. “And so there is a huge variety within our community.”

Cortez Bulosan and Weinberg said they don’t believe broader systemic change will come from new laws. 

“We have a lot of great laws,” Weinberg said. “It has more to do with how a woman or a man or whoever is received when they complain, how their complaints are treated.” That includes cultural competency training that meets the specific needs of individual workplaces. Basta is one community network pushing to change this culture.

“There are companies that want to do better. They want to do good by their employees, and we choose to work with them, and they can make a big difference in showing examples of creating that,” Early said. “Another thing to understand is that consumers have power. We’ve seen this happen even here: boycotts against certain growers that aren’t listening to the workers, that aren’t caring. That has a lot of power.”

The post Dolores Huerta Feared Speaking About Her Abuse for Years. The Farmworkers She Advocates for Understand. appeared first on The Texas Observer.

Juan Miguel Arredondo believes there’s a spirit of solidarity in San Marcos that sets his Central Texas college town apart, even as right-wing culture warriors seek to force a wedge between neighbors. 

“When there’s a crisis, Superman isn’t coming,” Arredondo, 34, told the Texas Observer during a phone interview late last year. “We have to save ourselves, and so that’s what we do.” 

A fifth-generation native of the region, Arredondo served on the San Marcos Consolidated Independent School District from 2015 to 2023, and he was again elected to the board in 2024 after a year spent working as the chief of staff for state Representative Erin Zweiner, an outspoken progressive legislator and member of the LGBTQ Caucus. In addition, he’s president and CEO of the United Way of Hays and Caldwell Counties.

Beyond those achievements, he’s also the only openly gay member of the San Marcos school board. Arredondo came out publicly in 2017 during Pride month, about two years into his first term. 

“I had one of my biggest supporters call me, compliment me on my bravery, and then immediately pivot to say, ‘It’s just so unfortunate that you’ll never get reelected,’” he recalled. “That was the first experience, right out of the gate, of folks’ perceptions of what it means to be queer or gay or LGBTQ in Texas.” 

Time has disproved that prediction. In 2024, his election was uncontested. Now, when Republican operatives arrive to propose book bans or attacks on diversity, equity, and inclusion programs in the local schools, Arredondo’s firm but kind presence helps remind his fellow trustees what’s at stake for some of the most marginalized students. “It does not escape me that my colleagues have to have those conversations with an openly gay man next to them, and I think that’s incredibly important because we’re not talking about this in the abstract.” 

Meanwhile, San Marcos and its families face challenges that are more substantial, and more dire, than a trans student using their preferred pronouns or anything found between the covers of a hardback.

“Not once has a family been in crisis because of transgender bathrooms,” Arredondo told the Observer. “It’s families not being able to afford rent or put food on the table, issues with unemployment or lack of access to jobs that pay living wages.”

San Marcos, population around 70,000, is a community between Austin and San Antonio that’s anchored by Texas State University and home to a large working-class population. “I think I’m aware of two transgender students in San Marcos CISD, but I have 60 percent of my families who are at or below the poverty line.” 

“STUDENTS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE CLASSROOM DESERVE TO BE THEMSELVES.”

Arredondo believes that San Martians have a knack for coming together through their shared struggles. A close-knit community solidarity has made it possible to weather a series of crises, from natural ones like the COVID-19 pandemic to human-made disasters like the temporary loss of food stamps during the government shutdown in the fall of 2025. According to Arredondo’s figures, about one-third of the roughly 8,200 students in San Marcos CISD come from families who temporarily lost SNAP benefits. 

To make up the gaps, San Marcos CISD teamed up with the Hays County Food Bank to ensure that students and their families wouldn’t go hungry. Their experience during the pandemic taught Arredondo and the other school board members that any crisis like this one leaves lasting effects, from missed rent to increased stress on nonprofits and their workers—reverberations that don’t disappear overnight. “Even if the spigot, so to speak, is turned back on, we know there’s going to be delays. We know this is going to have residual effects.” 

Arredondo’s role as president of the local United Way made it easier to coordinate funding for aid. He said the board plans to enter into a long-term partnership with the food bank to keep students and families fed. 

Anne Halsey, in her 11th year as a trustee on the school board and the current board president, said Arredondo has always been a champion of inclusivity, especially for vulnerable students.

“Miguel, since I’ve known him, has always been committed to ensuring that our school district serves all of our students and that it is a … welcoming environment for everybody—for kids, for teachers, for staff,” Halsey told the Observer. “That has been consistent in the entire time I’ve known him.” 

Halsey is especially proud of improved support for students’ mental health since the two began their shared tenure. “We had one social worker that served the entire district,” she recalled. Now, every campus has counselors, and clinical psychologists are available to consult with students when needed. “Every kid needs mental health support,” Halsey said, but the board is very aware that LGBTQ+ students face higher rates of mental illness or mental health crises.

More recently, a slate of laws has come down from the Texas Legislature, such as last session’s so-called “parental rights” measure, Senate Bill 12, which mandates that schools reject diversity, equity, and inclusion programs and adds new restrictions on how schools support the mental health of their students, especially trans kids. Arredondo said the interference from the Capitol was unpopular even among the board’s more conservative members. “Time and time again, we’re having issues around funding to make sure our families have the basic necessities they need to survive, yet the Legislature is passing laws about what pronouns or what names [students] can use.” 

The Texas Education Agency still hasn’t provided clear instructions on how to implement the law; in the meantime, Arredondo and the rest of the school board are working with legal counsel to ensure they balance implementation of the new restrictions with still doing everything they can for their kids. 

“Our educators and staff continue to show up for students every day, supporting them as whole people and meeting them where they are based on their individual needs,” Arredondo said in a January email. “As a district, our focus continues to be on doing right by students and families while navigating an evolving and often unclear legal landscape.” 

Jacob Reyes, the news and rapid response coordinator for the national LGBTQ+ advocacy organization GLAAD, told the Observer that leaders like Arredondo help improve outcomes for “students and schools” by ensuring every child feels they belong. 

“Students inside and outside the classroom deserve to be themselves and be safe so they have every opportunity to learn,” Reyes wrote by email. “LGBTQ students in Texas should know that their elected officials will fight for them at every level of government.” 

For Arredondo, his time on the school board is an example of the power of local politics to get things done. “Your city council member, your school board trustee, your county commissioner, they can make some stuff happen. And I think people getting more involved at a local level is incredibly important.”

The post Defending the Most Vulnerable in San Marcos appeared first on The Texas Observer.

The function of foundational myths is to fence off the present from ideas, counter-histories, and traditions from below that could cut through the barbed wire and reopen a sense of political possibility. As a great bard—Zack De La Rocha of Rage Against the Machine—once put it: “Who controls the present now controls the past, who controls the past controls the future.”

In his new book of revisionist history titled The Myth of Red Texas: Cowboys, Populism, and Class War in the Radical South, out April 14 from OR Books, David Griscom places a ten-gallon hat atop De La Rocha. “Republicans in Texas have been skillful at crafting a version of Texas history that is favorable to their current goals,” writes Griscom, a first-time author who hosts a podcast for the socialist magazine Jacobin and a streaming show called Left Reckoning.

Our state is home to the highest number of on-the-job construction deaths and to an epidemic of hospital closures, to name just two of many shameful designations. But how can we shift course? Must we recover an alternative story about this place with a different theme other than rugged individualism at its heart? Forge a connection between the hardhat and the maverick cowboy hat, the pecan-sheller and the Ascension hospital nurse on strike? Griscom’s book furnishes us with a strong “yes,” and it makes clear that the stick beating the drum of our potential counter-story is a left-wing old reliable: solidarity. 

It’s important to say that the Myth of Red Texas is not a comprehensive revision of our state’s passage through dispossession, colonization, annexation, independence, and national and global integration. Griscom clears this up early in the book, with an apparent understanding of the cactus-like prickliness of Texas historiography. In his words, “I will not tell the entire history of Texas, or give an exhaustive history of the Texan left; instead, this book introduces radical moments in Texas’ history with important lessons for the left today.”  

The book’s intention is clear: to sketch a distinct throughline connecting the left organizers of the Texas present to the radicals of the Texas past. Think of it like laying down an ideological I-35 for us to follow.

The Myth of Red Texas (Courtesy/publisher)

For those who may be left hungry for more—perhaps upset at omission or wanting a bigger telling—the most comradely thing I can do is to suggest expanding your Texas history bookshelf with: David Montejano’s Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836–1986; Gerald Horne’s The Counter Revolution of 1836: Texas Slavery & Jim Crow and the Roots of American Fascism; Gary Clayton Anderson’s The Conquest of Texas Ethnic Cleansing in the Promised Land, 1820–1875; Bruce Glasrud’s Texas Labor History;  David Dorado Romo’s Ringside Seat to a Revolution: An Underground Cultural History of El Paso and Juarez 1893-1923; Kathy Sosa, Ellen Riojas Clark, and Jennifer Speed’s edited volume Revolutionary Women of Texas  and Mexico; and Wesley G. Phelps’ Before Lawrence V. Texas: The Making of a Queer Social Movement.

Of course, you may not have time to work through the many worthy academic histories of our state, and that’s exactly where the success of Griscom’s work lies: in its intentionally narrowed case for Texas solidarity.

In the book’s brisk pages, you’ll read of fence-cutting fights against the enclosure of the open range that may call to mind fights against federal border wall expansion on local ranch land, or you may feel a sense of kinship between fence-cutter communalism and how neighbors came together during Hurricane Harvey and Winter Storm Uri. Or you might see connection between the populism of the Farmer’s Alliance and the Knights of Labor, formalized in the People’s Party, and the growing number of union candidates and Democratic Socialists of America electeds who are either running for the state legislature or governing in Texas cities. You might grin about how Texas union membership is rising, reminded that, as Griscom asserts: “Texas once was home to one of the largest Socialist Party chapters in the United States.” 

These facts are not inherently connected, but Griscom’s frame of solidarity in a state as repressive as ours prods us to ask whether the stakes necessitate us putting them on the same side of one bigger story.

The Myth of Red Texas finds grist for its argument even in monuments to conservatism like our state Capitol. The construction of the famous pink dome—the place where policies ensuring water breaks for construction workers were banned, where the achievements of the civil rights movement are regularly trampled, where cities are locked into bankruptcy risk over challenges to police power, and where trans Texans get treated like a bigger threat than the oil lobbyists who are dumping fuel on the climate crisis—was also birthed in a labor fight against exploitative convict leasing and the scab laborers brought in to quell that fight who themselves wound up choosing the right side of history. When unionized teachers pack the building today to resist the billionaire-backed demolition job on public education, they’re walking in a tradition that dates back to when the limestone was still being laid.

This inversion, of seeing the site not as a monument to the inevitability of right-wing dominance but as a sedimented record of struggle, is one of the book’s most useful political maneuvers. It reminds us that institutions we are told to experience as static were in fact forged through conflict and remain vulnerable to the same. As Griscom suggests, “What if we looked not to the Texas Capitol as a beacon of what it means to be Texan, but to the many workers who built it instead?” The task of organizers today, then, is not to manufacture a tradition out of thin air but to recognize themselves as inheritors of one that has been deliberately obscured.

Once you start looking for that tradition across the arc of Texas time, it gets harder to unsee it.

In more recent history, it should be better known that the Texas AFL-CIO was the first statewide labor federation to call for a ceasefire in Gaza, and that’s a truth I’m glad this book cements in print. It’s one of those moments that doesn’t quite fit the story the rest of the country gets told about this place, but it fits in the lineage Griscom is sketching. It reflects the same instinct that animated earlier Texas radicals: that solidarity is not supposed to stay small or comfortable, and it can blossom anywhere.

The connective tissue Griscom offers is not nostalgia for the Texana enthusiast but a kind of historical permission structure for strategists and insurgents. The fence-cutters, the populists, the socialists, the pecan-shellers, and the organizers of today are not linked by identical demands or conditions. They’re joined by the stubborn insistence that Texans are capable of collective action in defiance of concentrated wealth and state repression. Reading the book in the shadow of growing mutual aid networks, rising strike activity in healthcare and education, and a steady drip of headlines about the Texas union movement being out ahead and unafraid makes its central claim feel less like mere recovery and more like a recognition of the present.

But, just as sales of The Communist Manifesto don’t automatically translate into a just utopia, this book will not dislodge the myth of red Texas by itself. I believe Griscom knows this and means for his writing to be a clarion call to the Texas left and the movements which comprise it. 

He puts it plainly: “Solidarity, and fighting for what you were due, were present from the very beginning of Texas’ shift from the frontier to the industrial and agrarian empire it would soon become. ” With a flourish, he adds, “Like the bluebonnets, which can lie dormant for years waiting for favorable conditions to grow, the Texas radical tradition can—and must—blossom again.”

This perspective doesn’t leave us with yet another romanticized past, or an artificially resolved present, but it does leave us less historically alone. We may not have a finished map, but we have proof of what can happen when we fight like hell against all odds here. And we have ancestors. What might change if more of us started acting like we knew it? How far might such a left reckoning take us?

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