Betty Simmons, a Texan in Slavery’s Last Years

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In 1863, Betty Simmons was about 20 years old, and her 3-year-old son, Charlie, would soon be made to work in the field.  In her 1938 interview with the Federal Writers’ Project, Simmons said: “[They take them young].” (These interviews … Continued

The Troubling Disappearance of ‘El Gallito’

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Ernesto Gonzales liked to hold court in the morning from a corner booth of El Rancho in Harlingen, a busy local eatery festooned with multicolored papel picado party banners—one of several spots he frequented after rising at dawn and reading … Continued